Long shared haplotypes identify the southern Urals as a primary source for the 10th-century Hungarians

Gyuris B. Vyazov L. Türk A. Flegontov P. Szeifert B. Langó P. Mende B.G. Csáky V. Chizhevskiy A.A. Gazimzyanov I.R. Khokhlov A.A. Kolonskikh A.G. Matveeva N.P. Ruslanova R.R. Rykun M.P. Sitdikov A. Volkova E.V. Botalov S.G. Bugrov D.G. Grudochko I.V. Komar O. Krasnoperov A.A. Poshekhonova O.E. Chikunova I. Sungatov F. Stashenkov D.A. Zubov S. Zelenkov A.S. Ringbauer H. Cheronet O. Pinhasi R. Akbari A. Rohland N. Mallick S. Reich D. Szécsényi-Nagy A.
16 October 2025 Elsevier B.V.

Cell
2025 #188 Issue 21 6064 - 6078.e11 pp.

The origins of the early medieval Magyars who appeared in the Carpathian Basin by the end of the 9th century CE remain incompletely understood. Previous archaeogenetic research identified the newcomers as migrants from the Eurasian steppe. However, genome-wide ancient DNA from putative source populations has not been available to test alternative theories of their precise source. We generated genome-wide ancient DNA data for 131 individuals from archaeological sites in the Ural region in northern Eurasia, which are candidates for the source based on historical, linguistic, and archaeological evidence. Our results tightly link the Magyars to people of the early medieval Karayakupovo archaeological horizon on both the European and Asian sides of the southern Urals. The ancestors of the people of the Karayakupovo archaeological horizon were established in the broader Urals by the Late Iron Age, and their descendants persisted in the Volga-Kama region until at least the 14th century.

ancient DNA , archaeogenetics , Early Medieval Period , Hungarians , identity-by-descent , Iron Age , Magyars , Volga and Ural regions

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Institute of Archaeogenomics, ELTE Research Centre for the Humanities, Budapest, Hungary
Doctoral School of Biology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States
Institute of Archaeological Sciences, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Pázmány Péter Catholic University, Budapest, Hungary
Early Hungarians Research Team, ELTE Research Centre for the Humanities, Budapest, Hungary
Institute of Archaeology, ELTE Research Centre for the Humanities, Budapest, Hungary
Institute of Archaeology of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Tatarstan, Republic of Tatarstan, Kazan, Russian Federation
Samara State University of Social Sciences and Education, Samara, Russian Federation
R.G. Kuzeev Institute of Ethnological Studies, Ufa Federal Research Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Sciences, Republic of Bashkortostan, Ufa, Russian Federation
University of Tyumen, Tyumen, Russian Federation
National Museum of the Republic of Bashkortostan, Republic of Bashkortostan, Ufa, Russian Federation
National Research Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russian Federation
Institute of History and Archeology, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Yekaterinburg, Russian Federation
South Ural State University, Chelyabinsk, Russian Federation
National Museum of Tatarstan Republic, Republic of Tatarstan, Kazan, Russian Federation
Institute of Archaeology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
Udmurt Institute of History, Language and Literature, Udmurt Federal Research Center, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Udmurt Republic, Izhevsk, Russian Federation
Institute of the Problems of Northern Development, Tyumen Scientific Centre, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Tyumen, Russian Federation
Institute of History, Language and Literature, Ufa Federal Research Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Sciences, Republic of Bashkortostan, Ufa, Russian Federation
Samara Regional Museum of History and Local Lore named after P. V. Alabin, Samara, Russian Federation
Research Laboratory of Archeology, Samara National Research University, Samara, Russian Federation
Research Institute for Jochi Ulus studies, Astana, Kazakhstan
Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
Human Evolution and Archaeological Sciences Forschungsverbund, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, 02138, MA, United States
Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, 02142, MA, United States
Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, 02138, MA, United States

Institute of Archaeogenomics
Doctoral School of Biology
Department of Biology and Ecology
Department of Human Evolutionary Biology
Institute of Archaeological Sciences
Early Hungarians Research Team
Institute of Archaeology
Institute of Archaeology of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Tatarstan
Samara State University of Social Sciences and Education
R.G. Kuzeev Institute of Ethnological Studies
University of Tyumen
National Museum of the Republic of Bashkortostan
National Research Tomsk State University
Institute of History and Archeology
South Ural State University
National Museum of Tatarstan Republic
Institute of Archaeology
Udmurt Institute of History
Institute of the Problems of Northern Development
Institute of History
Samara Regional Museum of History and Local Lore named after P. V. Alabin
Research Laboratory of Archeology
Research Institute for Jochi Ulus studies
Department of Archaeogenetics
Department of Evolutionary Anthropology
Human Evolution and Archaeological Sciences Forschungsverbund
Department of Genetics
Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard
Howard Hughes Medical Institute

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