Cardiac remodelling – Part 1: From cells and tissues to circulating biomarkers. A review from the Study Group on Biomarkers of the Heart Failure Association of the European Society of Cardiology

González A. Richards A.M. de Boer R.A. Thum T. Arfsten H. Hülsmann M. Falcao-Pires I. Díez J. Foo R.S.Y. Chan M.Y. Aimo A. Anene-Nzelu C.G. Abdelhamid M. Adamopoulos S. Anker S.D. Belenkov Y. Gal T.B. Cohen-Solal A. Böhm M. Chioncel O. Delgado V. Emdin M. Jankowska E.A. Gustafsson F. Hill L. Jaarsma T. Januzzi J.L. Jhund P.S. Lopatin Y. Lund L.H. Metra M. Milicic D. Moura B. Mueller C. Mullens W. Núñez J. Piepoli M.F. Rakisheva A. Ristić A.D. Rossignol P. Savarese G. Tocchetti C.G. Van Linthout S. Volterrani M. Seferovic P. Rosano G. Coats A.J.S. Bayés-Genís A.
June 2022 John Wiley and Sons Ltd

European Journal of Heart Failure
2022 #24 Issue 6 927 - 943 pp.

Cardiac remodelling refers to changes in left ventricular structure and function over time, with a progressive deterioration that may lead to heart failure (HF) development (adverse remodelling) or vice versa a recovery (reverse remodelling) in response to HF treatment. Adverse remodelling predicts a worse outcome, whilst reverse remodelling predicts a better prognosis. The geometry, systolic and diastolic function and electric activity of the left ventricle are affected, as well as the left atrium and on the long term even right heart chambers. At a cellular and molecular level, remodelling involves all components of cardiac tissue: cardiomyocytes, fibroblasts, endothelial cells and leucocytes. The molecular, cellular and histological signatures of remodelling may differ according to the cause and severity of cardiac damage, and clearly to the global trend toward worsening or recovery. These processes cannot be routinely evaluated through endomyocardial biopsies, but may be reflected by circulating levels of several biomarkers. Different classes of biomarkers (e.g. proteins, non-coding RNAs, metabolites and/or epigenetic modifications) and several biomarkers of each class might inform on some aspects on HF development, progression and long-term outcomes, but most have failed to enter clinical practice. This may be due to the biological complexity of remodelling, so that no single biomarker could provide great insight on remodelling when assessed alone. Another possible reason is a still incomplete understanding of the role of biomarkers in the pathophysiology of cardiac remodelling. Such role will be investigated in the first part of this review paper on biomarkers of cardiac remodelling.

Biomarkers , Cells , Remodeling , Tissue

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Program of Cardiovascular Diseases, CIMA Universidad de Navarra, and IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, Pamplona, Spain
CIBERCV, Carlos III Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain
Department of medicine, Yong Loo-Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
Christchurch Heart Institute, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Department of Cardiology, Groningen, Netherlands
Institute of Molecular and Translational Therapeutic Strategies (IMTTS) and Rebirth Center for Translational Regenerative Therapies, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
Fraunhofer Institute of Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Hannover, Germany
Clinical Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Berlin, Germany
Department od Surgery and Physiology, Cardiovascular Research and Development Center, Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
Departments of Cardiology and Cardiac Surgery, and Nephrology, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore SantAnna, Pisa, Italy
Cardiology Division, Fondazione Toscana Gabriele Monasterio, Pisa, Italy
Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, Canada
Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
2nd Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Onassis Cardiac Surgery Center, Athens, Greece
Department of Cardiology (CVK), and Berlin Institute of Health Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK) partner site Berlin, Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
Institute of Heart Diseases, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
Lomonosv Moscow State University, Moscow, Russian Federation
Cardiology Department, Rabin Medical Center, Beilinson, Israel
Hospital Lariboisière, Paris, France
Universitätsklinikum des Saarlandes, Klinik für Innere Medizin III, Kardiologie, Angiologie und Internistische Intensivmedizin, Saarland University, Homburg/Saar, Germany
Emergency Institute for Cardiovascular Diseases ‘Prof. C.C. Iliescu’ Bucharest, University of Medicine Carol Davila, Bucharest, Romania
Institut del Cor, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
Rigshospitalet-Copenhagen University Hospital, Heart Centre, Department of Cardiology, Copenhagen, Denmark
Queens University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
Linkoping University, Linkoping, Sweden
Massachusetts General Hospital and Baim Institute for Clinical Research, Boston, MA, United States
BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
Volgograd State Medical University, Volgograd, Russian Federation
Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, and Department of Cardiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
Cardiology, ASST Spedali Civili; Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
University of Zagreb, School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
Cardiology Department, Porto Armed Forces Hospital, Portugal
Department of Cardiology, University Hospital, Basel, Switzerland
Hospital Oost-Limburg, Genk, Belgium
Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valencia, INCLIVA, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
Cardiology Division, Castelsangiovanni Hospital, Castelsangiovanni, Italy
Scientific Research Institute of Cardiology and Internal Medicine, Almaty, Kazakhstan
Department of Cardiology, University Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
Université de Lorraine, Centre dInvestigations Cliniques- Plurithématique 1433, and Inserm U1116, CHRU Nancy, F-CRIN INI-CRCT, Nancy, France
Cardio-Oncology Unit, Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), Interdepartmental Center of Clinical and Translational Sciences (CIRCET), Interdepartmental Hypertension Research Center (CIRIAPA), Federico II University, Naples, Italy
Berlin Institute of Health (BIH) at Charité - Universitätmedizin Berlin, BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Berlin, Germany
IRCCS San Raffaele, Rome, Italy
Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Belgrade, Serbia
St. Georges Hospitals, NHS Trust, University of London, London, United Kingdom
University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
Department of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain

Program of Cardiovascular Diseases
CIBERCV
Department of medicine
Christchurch Heart Institute
University Medical Center Groningen
Institute of Molecular and Translational Therapeutic Strategies (IMTTS) and Rebirth Center for Translational Regenerative Therapies
Fraunhofer Institute of Toxicology and Experimental Medicine
Clinical Division of Cardiology
German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK)
Department od Surgery and Physiology
Departments of Cardiology and Cardiac Surgery
Institute of Life Sciences
Cardiology Division
Montreal Heart Institute
Faculty of Medicine
2nd Department of Cardiovascular Medicine
Department of Cardiology (CVK)
Institute of Heart Diseases
Lomonosv Moscow State University
Cardiology Department
Hospital Lariboisière
Universitätsklinikum des Saarlandes
Emergency Institute for Cardiovascular Diseases ‘Prof. C.C. Iliescu’ Bucharest
Institut del Cor
Rigshospitalet-Copenhagen University Hospital
Queens University Belfast
Linkoping University
Massachusetts General Hospital and Baim Institute for Clinical Research
BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre
Volgograd State Medical University
Department of Medicine
Cardiology
University of Zagreb
Faculty of Medicine
Cardiology Department
Department of Cardiology
Hospital Oost-Limburg
Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valencia
Cardiology Division
Scientific Research Institute of Cardiology and Internal Medicine
Department of Cardiology
Faculty of Medicine
Université de Lorraine
Cardio-Oncology Unit
Berlin Institute of Health (BIH) at Charité - Universitätmedizin Berlin
IRCCS San Raffaele
Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts
St. Georges Hospitals
University of Warwick
Department of Medicine

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