Macro-Economic Inequality and National Stereotypes in 45 Non-Western Countries

Gligorić V. Jost J.T. Mićanović I. Tase O. Araújo Do Bú E. Arévalo-Romero C. Balabanova A. Baracaldo P. Basáñez T. Çakmak H. Capella M. Chen T.Y. Eldesouky L. Erhan E. Fadhlia T.N. Farahat E. Farías-Yapur A. Faruk M.O. Ghazal S. Gjoneska B. Gkinopoulos T. Gore A.-M. Imada H. Jantus C.I. Jin Y.Y. Kalinić J. Kamran F. Kende A. Khosrowtaj Z. Kochhar S. Kospakov A. Lalatović S. Lášticová B. Lazar A. Lee S. Macapagal M.E. Malysheva K. Manokara K. Marchlewska M. Marinova N. Michael A. Mikalauskas K. Miranda A. Moon C. Mukhortov D. Musil B. Nakagoshi M. Namutebi J. Navajas J. Ojiaku C.M. Olaleru M.E. Pereira C.R. Espinosa Pezzia A. Plohl N. Podsiadłowski W. Popov Ş. Popović D. Poslon X.-D. Psaltis C. Rincón-Unigarro C. Safitri R.E. Salaum D. Strelets I. Syropoulos S. Szczepańska D. Tian F.Y. Tijusaite A. Tirla L. Todorović L. Trakulpipat C. Vivanco Carlevari A. Wan C. Wiwattanapantuwong J. Yahiiaiev I. Yuan L. Schaaf J.V.
May 2026 SAGE Publications Inc.

Social Psychological and Personality Science
2026 #17 Issue 4 492 - 509 pp.

The assumption that people favor ingroups and disfavor outgroups is based largely on theory and research from Western countries. However, groups subjected to economic exploitation and inequality might come to favor more advantaged outgroups. The present large-scale study (N = 12,339) involving 45 non-Western countries explored ingroup stereotypes and stereotypes of relatively advantaged and disadvantaged outgroups (Western Europeans and Western Africans, respectively) and their relation to macroeconomic conditions. Compared with their national ingroup, participants stereotyped advantaged outgroups as more competent (exhibiting outgroup favoritism) but less warm; they stereotyped disadvantaged outgroups as less competent but neither more nor less warm. Nationals of poorer and more exploited countries exhibited stronger outgroup favoritism on competence and stronger ingroup favoritism on warmth. This work provides preliminary evidence for the structural origins of national stereotypes: macroeconomic inequalities can override habitual ingroup favoritism and lead national groups to exhibit outgroup favoritism.

economic exploitation , outgroup favoritism , social inequality , stereotyping , world systems theory

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New York University Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
New York University, New York, United States
University of Amsterdam, Netherlands
Institute of Social Sciences of the University of Lisbon, Portugal
Universidad Diego Portales, Santiago, Chile
Instituto de Neurociencias e Investigación, Santiago, Chile
Nottingham Trent University, United Kingdom
Universidad de La Sabana, Cundinamarca, Colombia
California State Polytechnic University, Pomona, United States
University of Groningen, Netherlands
Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University, Kötekli, Turkey
Universidad Católica del Uruguay, Montevideo, Turkey
National Taipei University of Education, Taiwan
The American University in Cairo, Egypt
Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
Universidad Panamericana, Mexico City, Mexico
University of Dhaka, Bangladesh
Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, United States
University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Skopje, North Macedonia
Jagiellonian University in, Krakow, Poland
Kochi University of Technology, Japan
Royal Holloway, University of London, United Kingdom
Universidad Torcuato Di Tella, Buenos Aires, Argentina
Eötvös Loránd University (ELTE), Budapest, Hungary
University of Marburg, Germany
Radboud University Nijmegen, Netherlands
Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
University of Belgrade, Serbia
Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
West University of Timişoara, Romania
Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
Ateneo de Manila University, Quezon City, Philippines
Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Ukraine
Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
Institute of Psychology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
University of Bath, United Kingdom
University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
Centro de Ciencias del Comportamiento, Asunción, Paraguay
Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, South Korea
Moscow State Institute of International Relations (MGIMO), Russian Federation
University of Maribor, Slovenia
Kwansei Gakuin University, Nishinomiya, Japan
Nkumba University, Entebbe, Uganda
National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
University of Nigeria Nsukka, Nigeria
Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, Lima, Peru
Moldova State University, Chişinău, Moldova
Ivo Pilar Institute of Social Sciences, Zagreb, Croatia
Islamic University of Riau, Pekanbaru, Indonesia
University of the Philippines Visayas, Miagao, Philippines
Arizona State University, Tempe, United States
The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong
Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
Universidad del Desarrollo, Concepción, Chile
Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands

New York University Abu Dhabi
New York University
University of Amsterdam
Institute of Social Sciences of the University of Lisbon
Universidad Diego Portales
Instituto de Neurociencias e Investigación
Nottingham Trent University
Universidad de La Sabana
California State Polytechnic University
University of Groningen
Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University
Universidad Católica del Uruguay
National Taipei University of Education
The American University in Cairo
Ain Shams University
Universidad Panamericana
University of Dhaka
Louisiana State University
University of the Punjab
Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts
Jagiellonian University in
Kochi University of Technology
Royal Holloway
Universidad Torcuato Di Tella
Eötvös Loránd University (ELTE)
University of Marburg
Radboud University Nijmegen
Al-Farabi Kazakh National University
University of Belgrade
Slovak Academy of Sciences
West University of Timişoara
Chonnam National University
Ateneo de Manila University
Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv
Duke University
Institute of Psychology
University of Bath
University of Cyprus
Centro de Ciencias del Comportamiento
Jeonbuk National University
Moscow State Institute of International Relations (MGIMO)
University of Maribor
Kwansei Gakuin University
Nkumba University
National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET)
University of Nigeria Nsukka
Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú
Moldova State University
Ivo Pilar Institute of Social Sciences
Islamic University of Riau
University of the Philippines Visayas
Arizona State University
The University of Hong Kong
Chulalongkorn University
Universidad del Desarrollo
Nanyang Technological University
Radboud University Medical Center

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