Socioeconomic differences in food habits among 6- to 9-year-old children from 23 countries—WHO European Childhood Obesity Surveillance Initiative (COSI 2015/2017)

Fismen A.-S. Buoncristiano M. Williams J. Helleve A. Abdrakhmanova S. Bakacs M. Bergh I.H. Boymatova K. Duleva V. Fijałkowska A. García-Solano M. Gualtieri A. Gutiérrez-González E. Hejgaard T. Huidumac-Petrescu C. Hyska J. Kelleher C.C. Kierkegaard L. Kujundžić E. Kunešová M. Milanović S.M. Nardone P. Nurk E. Ostojic S.M. Ozcebe L.H. Peterkova V. Petrauskiene A. Pudule I. Rakhmatulleoeva S. Rakovac I. Rito A.I. Rutter H. Sacchini E. Stojisavljević D. Farrugia SantAngelo V. Shengelia L. Spinelli A. Spiroski I. Tanrygulyyeva M. Usupova Z. Weghuber D. Breda J.
November 2021 John Wiley and Sons Inc

Obesity Reviews
2021 #22 Issue S6

Background: Socioeconomic differences in childrens food habits are a key public health concern. In order to inform policy makers, cross-country surveillance studies of dietary patterns across socioeconomic groups are required. The purpose of this study was to examine associations between socioeconomic status (SES) and childrens food habits. Methods: The study was based on nationally representative data from children aged 6–9 years (n = 129,164) in 23 countries in the World Health Organization (WHO) European Region. Multivariate multilevel analyses were used to explore associations between childrens food habits (consumption of fruit, vegetables, and sugar-containing soft drinks) and parental education, perceived family wealth and parental employment status. Results: Overall, the present study suggests that unhealthy food habits are associated with lower SES, particularly as assessed by parental education and family perceived wealth, but not parental employment status. We found cross-national and regional variation in associations between SES and food habits and differences in the extent to which the respective indicators of SES were related to childrens diet. Conclusion: Socioeconomic differences in childrens food habits exist in the majority of European and Asian countries examined in this study. The results are of relevance when addressing strategies, policy actions, and interventions targeting social inequalities in childrens diets.

children , food habits , social inequalities , socioeconomic differences

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Department of Health Promotion and Centre for Evaluation of Public Health Measures, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Bergen, Norway
World Health Organization (WHO) European Office for the Prevention and Control of Noncommunicable Diseases, Division of Country Health Programmes, WHO Regional Office for Europe, Moscow, Russian Federation
Centre for Evaluation of Public Health Measures, Norwegian Institute of Health, Oslo, Norway
Department of Science and Professional Development, National Center of Public Health of the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Almaty, Kazakhstan
School of Public Health, Kazakhstans Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
Department of Nutrition and Epidemiology, National Institute of Pharmacy and Nutrition, Budapest, Hungary
Department of Health and Inequality, Division of Mental and Physical Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
Division of Noncommunicable Diseases, Promoting Health through the Life-course, WHO Country Office for Tajikistan, Dushanbe, Tajikistan
Department Food and Nutrition, National Centre of Public Health and Analyses, Sofia, Bulgaria
Department of Cardiology, Institute of Mother and Child, Warsaw, Poland
Spanish Agency for Food Safety and Nutrition, Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Madrid, Spain
Health Authority, Ministry of Health, San Marino, San Marino
Health Promotion and Inequality, Danish Health Authority, Copenhagen, Denmark
National Center for Health Assessment and Promotion, National Institute of Public Health, Bucharest, Romania
Nutrition and Food Safety Sector, Institute of Public Health, Tirana, Albania
College of Health and Agricultural Sciences, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
National Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
Center for Health Ecology, Institute of Public Health, Podgorica, Montenegro
Obesity Management Centre, Institute of Endocrinology, Prague, Czech Republic
Croatian Institute of Public Health, Zagreb, Croatia
School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
National Centre for Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Italian National Institute of Health (Istituto Superiore di Sanità), Rome, Italy
Department of Nutrition Research, National Institute for Health Development, Tallinn, Estonia
Biomedical Sciences Department, Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
Medical Faculty, Department of Public Health, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
Institute of Paediatric Endocrinology, National Medical Research Centre for Endocrinology of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russian Federation
Department of Preventive Medicine, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
Department of Research and Health Statistics, Centre for Disease and Prevention Control, Riga, Latvia
Department of the Organization of Medical Services for Mothers, Children and Family Planning Ministry of Health and Social Protection, Dushanbe, Tajikistan
WHO/Europe Collaborating Center for Nutrition and Childhood Obesity - Food and Nutrition Department, National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Lisbon, Portugal
Department of Social and Policy Sciences, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
Faculty of Medicine, University of Banja Luka, Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina
Public Health Institute of Republic of Srpska, Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina
Primary Child Health Unit, Primary Health Care, Floriana, Malta
Maternal, Child and Reproductive Health, National Center for Disease Control and Public Health of Georgia, Tbilisi, Georgia
Institute of Public Health, Skopje, North Macedonia
Faculty of Medicine, SS. Cyril and Methodius University, Skopje, North Macedonia
Scientific Research Institute of Maternal and Child Health, Ashgabat, Turkmenistan
Republican Center for Health Promotion and Mass Communication, Ministry of Health of the Kyrgyz Republic, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
Department of Pediatrics, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria

Department of Health Promotion and Centre for Evaluation of Public Health Measures
World Health Organization (WHO) European Office for the Prevention and Control of Noncommunicable Diseases
Centre for Evaluation of Public Health Measures
Department of Science and Professional Development
School of Public Health
Department of Nutrition and Epidemiology
Department of Health and Inequality
Division of Noncommunicable Diseases
Department Food and Nutrition
Department of Cardiology
Spanish Agency for Food Safety and Nutrition
Health Authority
Health Promotion and Inequality
National Center for Health Assessment and Promotion
Nutrition and Food Safety Sector
College of Health and Agricultural Sciences
National Institute of Public Health
Center for Health Ecology
Obesity Management Centre
Croatian Institute of Public Health
School of Medicine
National Centre for Disease Prevention and Health Promotion
Department of Nutrition Research
Biomedical Sciences Department
Medical Faculty
Institute of Paediatric Endocrinology
Department of Preventive Medicine
Department of Research and Health Statistics
Department of the Organization of Medical Services for Mothers
WHO/Europe Collaborating Center for Nutrition and Childhood Obesity - Food and Nutrition Department
Department of Social and Policy Sciences
Faculty of Medicine
Public Health Institute of Republic of Srpska
Primary Child Health Unit
Maternal
Institute of Public Health
Faculty of Medicine
Scientific Research Institute of Maternal and Child Health
Republican Center for Health Promotion and Mass Communication
Department of Pediatrics

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