Global, regional, and national burden of low back pain, 1990–2020, its attributable risk factors, and projections to 2050: a systematic analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

Ferreira M.L. De Luca K. Haile L.M. Steinmetz J.D. Culbreth G.T. Cross M. Kopec J.A. Ferreira P.H. Blyth F.M. Buchbinder R. Hartvigsen J. Wu A.-M. Safiri S. Woolf A.D. Collins G.S. Ong K.L. Vollset S.E. Smith A.E. Cruz J.A. Fukutaki K.G. Abate S.M. Abbasifard M. Abbasi-Kangevari M. Abbasi-Kangevari Z. Abdelalim A. Abedi A. Abidi H. Adnani Q.E.S. Ahmadi A. Akinyemi R.O. Alamer A.T. Alem A.Z. Alimohamadi Y. Alshehri M.A. Alshehri M.M. Alzahrani H. Amini S. Amiri S. Amu H. Andrei C.L. Andrei T. Antony B. Arabloo J. Arulappan J. Arumugam A. Ashraf T. Athari S.S. Awoke N. Azadnajafabad S. Bärnighausen T.W. Barrero L.H. Barrow A. Barzegar A. Bearne L.M. Bensenor I.M. Berhie A.Y. Bhandari B.B. Bhojaraja V.S. Bijani A. Bodicha B.B.A. Bolla S.R. Brazo-Sayavera J. Briggs A.M. Cao C. Charalampous P. Chattu V.K. Cicuttini F.M. Clarsen B. Cuschieri S. Dadras O. Dai X. Dandona L. Dandona R. Dehghan A. Demie T.G.G. Denova-Gutiérrez E. Dewan S.M.R. Dharmaratne S.D. Dhimal M.L. Dhimal M. Diaz D. Didehdar M. Digesa L.E. Diress M. Do H.T. Doan L.P. Ekholuenetale M. Elhadi M. Eskandarieh S. Faghani S. Fares J. Fatehizadeh A. Fetensa G. Filip I. Fischer F. Franklin R.C. Ganesan B. Gemeda B.N.B. Getachew M.E. Ghashghaee A. Gill T.K. Golechha M. Goleij P. Gupta B. Hafezi-Nejad N. Haj-Mirzaian A. Hamal P.K. Hanif A. Harlianto N.I. Hasani H. Hay S.I. Hebert J.J. Heidari G. Heidari M. Heidari-Soureshjani R. Hlongwa M.M. Hosseini M.-S. Hsiao A.K. Iavicoli I. Ibitoye S.E. Ilic I.M. Ilic M.D. Islam S.M.S. Janodia M.D. Jha R.P. Jindal H.A. Jonas J.B. Kabito G.G. Kandel H. Kaur R.J. Keshri V.R. Khader Y.S. Khan E.A. Khan M.J. Khan M.A.B. Kashani H.R.K. Khubchandani J. Kim Y.J. Kisa A. Klugarová J. Kolahi A.-A. Koohestani H.R. Koyanagi A. Kumar G.A. Kumar N. Lallukka T. Lasrado S. Lee W.-C. Lee Y.H. Mahmoodpoor A. Malagón-Rojas J.N. Malekpour M.-R. Malekzadeh R. Malih N. Mehndiratta M.M. Nasab E.M. Menezes R.G. Mentis A.-F.A. Mesregah M.K. Miller T.R. Mirza-Aghazadeh-Attari M. Mobarakabadi M. Mohammad Y. Mohammadi E. Mohammed S. Mokdad A.H. Momtazmanesh S. Monasta L. Moni M.A. Mostafavi E. Murray C.J.L. Nair T.S. Nazari J. Nejadghaderi S.A. Neupane S. Kandel S.N. Nguyen C.T. Nowroozi A. Okati-Aliabad H. Omer E. Oulhaj A. Owolabi M.O. Panda-Jonas S. Pandey A. Park E.-K. Pawar S. Pedersini P. Pereira J. Peres M.F.P. Petcu I.-R. Pourahmadi M. Radfar A. Rahimi-Dehgolan S. Rahimi-Movaghar V. Rahman M. Rahmani A.M. Rajai N. Rao C.R. Rashedi V. Rashidi M.-M. Ratan Z.A. Rawaf D.L. Rawaf S. Renzaho A.M.N. Rezaei N. Rezaei Z. Roever L. De Andrade Ruela G. Saddik B. Sahebkar A. Salehi S. Sanmarchi F. Sepanlou S.G. Shahabi S. Shahrokhi S. Shaker E. Shamsi M.B. Shannawaz M. Sharma S. Shaygan M. Sheikhi R.A. Shetty J.K. Shiri R. Shivalli S. Shobeiri P. Sibhat M.M. Singh A. Singh J.A. Slater H. Solmi M. Somayaji R. Tan K.-K. Thapar R. Tohidast S.A. Tahbaz S.V. Valizadeh R. Vasankari T.J. Venketasubramanian N. Vlassov V. Vo B. Wang Y.-P. Wiangkham T. Yadav L. Yadollahpour A. Jabbari S.H.Y. Yang L. Yazdanpanah F. Yonemoto N. Younis M.Z. Zare I. Zarrintan A. Zoladl M. Vos T. March L.M.
June 2023 Elsevier Ltd

The Lancet Rheumatology
2023 #5 Issue 6 e316 - e329 pp.

Background: Low back pain is highly prevalent and the main cause of years lived with disability (YLDs). We present the most up-to-date global, regional, and national data on prevalence and YLDs for low back pain from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2021. Methods: Population-based studies from 1980 to 2019 identified in a systematic review, international surveys, US medical claims data, and dataset contributions by collaborators were used to estimate the prevalence and YLDs for low back pain from 1990 to 2020, for 204 countries and territories. Low back pain was defined as pain between the 12th ribs and the gluteal folds that lasted a day or more; input data using alternative definitions were adjusted in a network meta-regression analysis. Nested Bayesian meta-regression models were used to estimate prevalence and YLDs by age, sex, year, and location. Prevalence was projected to 2050 by running a regression on prevalence rates using Socio-demographic Index as a predictor, then multiplying them by projected population estimates. Findings: In 2020, low back pain affected 619 million (95% uncertainty interval 554–694) people globally, with a projection of 843 million (759–933) prevalent cases by 2050. In 2020, the global age-standardised rate of YLDs was 832 per 100 000 (578–1070). Between 1990 and 2020, age-standardised rates of prevalence and YLDs decreased by 10·4% (10·9–10·0) and 10·5% (11·1–10·0), respectively. A total of 38·8% (28·7–47·0) of YLDs were attributed to occupational factors, smoking, and high BMI. Interpretation: Low back pain remains the leading cause of YLDs globally, and in 2020, there were more than half a billion prevalent cases of low back pain worldwide. While age-standardised rates have decreased modestly over the past three decades, it is projected that globally in 2050, more than 800 million people will have low back pain. Challenges persist in obtaining primary country-level data on low back pain, and there is an urgent need for more high-quality, primary, country-level data on both prevalence and severity distributions to improve accuracy and monitor change. Funding: Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation.

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Sydney Musculoskeletal Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Save Sight Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Discipline of Chiropractic, CQ University, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
Arthritis Research Canada, Richmond, BC, Canada
Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
Monash Department of Clinical Epidemiology at Cabrini Hospital, Cabrini Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
Research Department, Nordic Institute of Chiropractic and Clinical Biomechanics, Odense, Denmark
Department of Orthopaedics, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
Aging Research Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
Department of Community Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
Department of Radiology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
Department of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
Bone and Joint Research Group, Royal Cornwall Hospital, Truro, United Kingdom
Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology, and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
Public Health, Seattle, WA, United States
Anesthesiology Department, Dilla University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Department of Internal Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
Clinical Research Development Unit, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Tehran, Iran
Multiple Sclerosis Research Center, Tehran, Iran
Interdisciplinary Neuroscience Research Program, Tehran, Iran
Faculty of Medicine, Tehran, Iran
Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran, Iran
Tehran Heart Center, Tehran, Iran
School of Medicine, Tehran, Iran
Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Tehran, Iran
Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center, Tehran, Iran
Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Institute, Tehran, Iran
Department of Psychiatry, Tehran, Iran
Department of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Tehran, Iran
Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Epidemiology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Pharmacology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Obesity Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Neurosurgery, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Neurology, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
Department of Neurosurgery, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
Laboratory Technology Sciences Department, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
Department of Nursing, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
Faculty of Medicine, Bandung, Indonesia
Universitas Padjadjaran (Padjadjaran University), Bandung, Indonesia
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
Community-Oriented Nursing Midwifery Research Center, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
Department of Health in Disasters and Emergencies, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
Institute for Advanced Medical Research and Training, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
Faculty of Public Health, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
Department of Health Promotion and Education, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
Department of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
Department of Physiotherapy, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
Department of Human Physiology, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety Department, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
Health Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Quran and Hadith Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Physiotherapy Department, Umm Al-Qura University, Mecca, Saudi Arabia
Pharmaceutical Care, Ministry of National Guard-Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
Department of Health Services Management, Khomein University of Medical Sciences, Khomein, Iran
Department of Population and Behavioural Sciences, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
Cardiology Department, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
Department of Statistics and Econometrics, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Bucharest, Romania
Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
Health Management and Economics Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Physiotherapy, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Maternal and Child Health, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
Department of Physiotherapy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
Community Medicine and Rehabilitation - Physiotherapy Section, Umeå University, Umea, Sweden
University Institute of Radiological Sciences and Medical Imaging Technology, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
University Institute of Public Health, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
Department of Immunology, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
Department of Nursing, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia
Heidelberg Institute of Global Health (HIGH), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
TH Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
Department of Internal Medicine, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
Department of Industrial Engineering, Pontifical Javeriana University, Bogota, Colombia
Department of Public & Environmental Health, University of the Gambia, Brikama, Gambia
Epidemiology and Disease Control Unit, Ministry of Health, Kotu, Gambia
Department of Occupational Health Engineering, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
School of Public Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
Department of Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
Population Health Research Institute, University of London, London, United Kingdom
Centre for Engagement and Dissemination, National Institute for Health Research, Twickenham, United Kingdom
Department of Internal Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
Department of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
School of Health Science, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
Physiology Department, Government Institute of Medical Sciences, Greater Noida, India
Department of Anatomy, Royal College of Surgeons, Ireland Medical University of Bahrain, Busaiteen, Bahrain
Department of Biochemistry, Royal College of Surgeons, Ireland Medical University of Bahrain, Busaiteen, Bahrain
Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
Biomedical Sciences Department, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
Department of Comprehensive Nursing, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
Department of Biomedical Sciences, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan City, Kazakhstan
Centro Regional Universitario Noreste, University of the Republic of Uruguay, Rivera, Uruguay
School of Physiotherapy and Exercise Science, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
Program in Physical Therapy, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, United States
Department of Public Health, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
Department of Community Medicine, Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences, Sawangi, India
Saveetha Medical College and Hospitals, Saveetha University, Chennai, India
Department of Disease Burden, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Bergen, Norway
Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
Anatomy Department, University of Malta, Msida, Malta
Section Global Health and Rehabilitation, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Bergen, Norway
Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
Department of Research, Gurugram, India
Public Health Foundation of India, Gurugram, India
Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
Department of Epidemiology and Community Medicine, Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center (NCDRC), Fasa, Iran
Public Health Department, St Pauls Hospital Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Emergency Operating Center (EOC), Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Center for Nutrition and Health Research, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico
Department of Pharmacy, University of Asia Pacific, Dhaka, Bangladesh
Pharmacology Department, Center for Life Sciences Research Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
Department of Community Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
Policy Research Institute, Kathmandu, Nepal
Global Institute for Interdisciplinary Studies, Kathmandu, Nepal
Health Research Section, Nepal Health Research Council, Kathmandu, Nepal
Journal of Nepal Health Research Council, Nepal Health Research Council, Kathmandu, Nepal
Center of Complexity Sciences, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, Autonomous University of Sinaloa, Culiacán Rosales, Mexico
Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
Department of Pediatrics, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
Institute of Health Economics and Technology, Hanoi, Viet Nam
Institute for Global Health Innovations, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Viet Nam
Faculty of Medicine, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Viet Nam
Faculty of Medicine, University of Tripoli, Tripoli, Libya
Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
Department of Nursing, Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia
Department of Public Health, Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia
Psychiatry Department, Kaiser Permanente, Fontana, CA, United States
School of Health Sciences, AT Still University, Mesa, AZ, United States
Institute of Public Health, Charité, Berlin, Germany
Universitätsmedizin Berlin (Charité Medical University Berlin), Berlin, Germany
School of Public Health, Medical, and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Douglas, QLD, Australia
School of Global Health, Institute of Health & Management, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
Department of Occupational Therapy, Mahatma Gandhi Occupational Therapy College, Jaipur, India
Department of Nursing, Debre Berhan University, Debre Birhan, Ethiopia
Department of Public Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
School of Public Health, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
Health Systems and Policy Research, Indian Institute of Public Health, Gandhinagar, India
Department of Genetics, Sana Institute of Higher Education, Sari, Iran
Department of Public Health, Torrens University Australia, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, National Academy of Medical Sciences, Kathmandu, Nepal
Faculty of Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
Department of Radiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
Department of Ophthalmology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
Faculty of Kinesiology, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB, Canada
School of Psychology and Exercise Science, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia
Santa Clara, CA, United States
School of Nursing and Public Health Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
Outpatient Rehabilitation, Southcoast Health: Tobey Hospital, Wareham, MA, United States
Department of Public Health, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
Department of Epidemiology, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC, Australia
Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
Department of Community Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
Department of Community Medicine, Dr Baba Saheb Ambedkar Medical College & Hospital, Delhi, India
Department of Community Medicine, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
National Health System Resource Centre, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, New Delhi, India
Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology Basel, Basel, Switzerland
Department of Ophthalmology, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
Sydney Eye Hospital, South Eastern Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
Injury Division, The George Institute for Global Health, India, New Delhi, India
Research and Development Division, The George Institute for Global Health, India, New Delhi, India
The George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Department of Public Health, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Health Services Academy, Islamabad, Pakistan
Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
Family Medicine Department, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
Primary Care Department, NHS North West London, London, United Kingdom
Department of Public Health, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, United States
School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xiamen University Malaysia, Sepang, Malaysia
School of Health Sciences, Kristiania University College, Oslo, Norway
Department of International Health and Sustainable Development, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, United States
Czech National Centre for Evidence-Based Healthcare and Knowledge Translation, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Saveh University of Medical Sciences, Saveh, Iran
Biomedical Research Networking Center for Mental Health Network (CIBERSAM), San Juan de Dios Sanitary Park, Sant Boi de Llobregat, Spain
Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
Department of Orthopaedics, Medanta Hospital, Lucknow, India
Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Father Muller Medical College, Mangalore, India
The Office of Health Policy & Legislative Affairs, University of Texas, Galveston, TX, United States
Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
Department of Public Health Research, National Institute of Health, Bogota, Colombia
Faculty of Medicine, El Bosque University, Bogota, Colombia
Non-communicable Disease Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
Health Policy Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
Community Based Psychiatric Care Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
Research Group on Global Health and Human Development, University of the Balearic Islands (UIB), Palma, Spain
Neurology Department, Janakpuri Super Specialty Hospital Society, New Delhi, India
Department of Neurology, Govind Ballabh Institute of Medical Education and Research, New Delhi, India
Forensic Medicine Division, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
International Dx Department, BGI Genomics, Copenhagen, Denmark
Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Shebin El-Kom, Egypt
Pacific Institute for Research & Evaluation, Calverton, MD, United States
Social Determinants of Health Center, Urmia, Iran
Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
Non-communicable Disease Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Internal Medicine Department, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Health Systems and Policy Research Unit, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
Department of Health Care Management, Technical University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
Clinical Epidemiology and Public Health Research Unit, Burlo Garofolo Institute for Maternal and Child Health, Trieste, Italy
School of Health & Rehabilitation Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, United States
Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, United States
Health Workforce Department, World Health Organisation, Geneva, Switzerland
Department of Epidemiology, Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center (NCDRC), Tehran, Iran
Department of International Studies, Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center (NCDRC), Tehran, Iran
Department of Health Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
Estia Health Blakehurst, Estia Health, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Institute for Global Health Innovations, Duy Tan University, Hanoi, Viet Nam
Health Promotion Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
Mass Communication Department, Ajman University, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
Department of Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
Privatpraxis, Heidelberg, Germany
Department of Medical Humanities and Social Medicine, Kosin University, Busan, South Korea
Department of Genetics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
Clinical Research Department, IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Milan, Italy
Department of Orthopedics, Yenepoya Medical College, Mangalore, India
International Institute for Educational Planning (IIEP), Albert Einstein Hospital, São Paulo, Brazil
College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, United States
Department of Population Science and Human Resource Development, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh
Future Technology Research Center, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, Yunlin, Taiwan
University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Biomedical Engineering, Khulna University of Engineering and Technology, Khulna, Bangladesh
School of Health and Society, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
WHO Collaborating Centre for Public Health Education and Training, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
Inovus Medical, St Helens, United Kingdom
Academic Public Health England, Public Health England, London, United Kingdom
School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW, Australia
Translational Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW, Australia
Department of Clinical Research, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
Advanced Campus Governador Valadares, Juiz de for A Federal University, Governador Valadares, Brazil
Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
Biotechnology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
Department of Neuroimmunulogy, Universal Scientific Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
Amity Institute of Public Health, Amity University, Noida, India
Department of Physiotherapy, Kathmandu University, Dhulikhel, Nepal
Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland
Medical Statistics Department, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
Department of Pediatrics and Child Health Nursing, Dilla University, Dilla, Ethiopia
School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
Medicine Service, US Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), Birmingham, AL, United States
Department of Neuroscience, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
Department of Oncology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
Department of Surgery, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
Department of Community Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India
Neuromuscular Rehabilitation Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
Clinical Cancer Research Center, Milad General Hospital, Tehran, Iran
Department of Microbiology, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
UKK Institute, Tampere, Finland
Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
Raffles Neuroscience Centre, Raffles Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
Department of Health Care Administration and Economics, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russian Federation
Faculty of Information Technology, HUTECH University, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
Department of Physical Therapy, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
Caring Futures Institute, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
Psychology Department, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention Research, Alberta Health Services, Calgary, AB, Canada
Department of Neuropsychopharmacology, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Japan
Department of Public Health, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
Department of Health Policy and Management, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS, United States
School of Business & Economics, Universiti Putra Malaysia (University of Putra Malaysia), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Research and Development Department, Sina Medical Biochemistry Technologies, Shiraz, Iran
Department of Rheumatology, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, NSW, Australia

Sydney Musculoskeletal Health
Sydney Medical School
Save Sight Institute
Discipline of Chiropractic
Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation
Department of Health Metrics Sciences
Department of Medicine
School of Population and Public Health
Arthritis Research Canada
Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine
School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine
Monash Department of Clinical Epidemiology at Cabrini Hospital
Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics
Research Department
Department of Orthopaedics
Aging Research Institute
Department of Community Medicine
Student Research Committee
Anesthesiology and Critical Care
Department of Radiology
Department of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology
Bone and Joint Research Group
Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics
Public Health
Anesthesiology Department
Department of Internal Medicine
Clinical Research Development Unit
Non-communicable Diseases Research Center
Multiple Sclerosis Research Center
Interdisciplinary Neuroscience Research Program
Faculty of Medicine
Digestive Diseases Research Institute
Tehran Heart Center
School of Medicine
Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center
Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Institute
Department of Psychiatry
Department of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology
Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Social Determinants of Health Research Center
Department of Epidemiology
Department of Pharmacology
Obesity Research Center
Department of Neurosurgery
School of Medicine
Department of Neurology
Department of Neurosurgery
Keck School of Medicine
Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute
Laboratory Technology Sciences Department
Department of Nursing
Faculty of Medicine
Universitas Padjadjaran (Padjadjaran University)
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics
Community-Oriented Nursing Midwifery Research Center
Department of Health in Disasters and Emergencies
Institute for Advanced Medical Research and Training
Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics
Faculty of Public Health
Department of Health Promotion and Education
Department of Medicine
Institute of Neuroscience
Department of Physiotherapy
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics
Department of Human Physiology
Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety Department
Health Research Center
Quran and Hadith Research Center
Physiotherapy Department
Pharmaceutical Care
Taif University
Department of Health Services Management
Department of Population and Behavioural Sciences
Cardiology Department
Department of Statistics and Econometrics
Menzies Institute for Medical Research
Health Management and Economics Research Center
Department of Physiotherapy
Department of Maternal and Child Health
Department of Physiotherapy
Sharjah Institute for Medical Research
Community Medicine and Rehabilitation - Physiotherapy Section
University Institute of Radiological Sciences and Medical Imaging Technology
University Institute of Public Health
Department of Immunology
Department of Nursing
Heidelberg Institute of Global Health (HIGH)
TH Chan School of Public Health
Department of Internal Medicine
Department of Industrial Engineering
Department of Public & Environmental Health
Epidemiology and Disease Control Unit
Department of Occupational Health Engineering
School of Public Health
Department of Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation
Population Health Research Institute
Centre for Engagement and Dissemination
Department of Internal Medicine
Department of Psychiatry
School of Health Science
Physiology Department
Department of Anatomy
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Social Determinants of Health Research Center
Biomedical Sciences Department
Department of Comprehensive Nursing
Department of Biomedical Sciences
Centro Regional Universitario Noreste
School of Physiotherapy and Exercise Science
School of Public Health
Program in Physical Therapy
Department of Public Health
Department of Community Medicine
Saveetha Medical College and Hospitals
Department of Disease Burden
Department of Sports Medicine
Anatomy Department
Section Global Health and Rehabilitation
Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care
Department of Research
Public Health Foundation of India
Indian Council of Medical Research
Department of Epidemiology and Community Medicine
Public Health Department
Emergency Operating Center (EOC)
Center for Nutrition and Health Research
Department of Pharmacy
Pharmacology Department
Department of Community Medicine
Policy Research Institute
Global Institute for Interdisciplinary Studies
Health Research Section
Journal of Nepal Health Research Council
Center of Complexity Sciences
Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics
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Department of Pediatrics
Institute of Health Economics and Technology
Institute for Global Health Innovations
Faculty of Medicine
Faculty of Medicine
Department of Neurological Surgery
Department of Environmental Health Engineering
Department of Nursing
Department of Public Health
Psychiatry Department
School of Health Sciences
Institute of Public Health
Universitätsmedizin Berlin (Charité Medical University Berlin)
School of Public Health
School of Global Health
Department of Occupational Therapy
Department of Nursing
Department of Public Health
School of Public Health
Adelaide Medical School
Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences
Health Systems and Policy Research
Department of Genetics
Department of Public Health
Department of Radiology and Radiological Science
Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care
Faculty of Medicine
Department of Radiology
Department of Ophthalmology
Faculty of Kinesiology
School of Psychology and Exercise Science
Santa Clara
School of Nursing and Public Health Medicine
Outpatient Rehabilitation
Department of Public Health
Faculty of Medicine
Department of Epidemiology
Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition
Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences
Department of Community Medicine
Department of Community Medicine
Department of Community Medicine
National Health System Resource Centre
Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology Basel
Department of Ophthalmology
Sydney Eye Hospital
Department of Pharmacology
Injury Division
Research and Development Division
The George Institute for Global Health
Department of Public Health
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics
Department of Rehabilitation Sciences
Family Medicine Department
Primary Care Department
Department of Public Health
School of Traditional Chinese Medicine
School of Health Sciences
Department of International Health and Sustainable Development
Czech National Centre for Evidence-Based Healthcare and Knowledge Translation
Social Determinants of Health Research Center
Biomedical Research Networking Center for Mental Health Network (CIBERSAM)
Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA)
Department of Orthopaedics
Department of Public Health
Department of Otorhinolaryngology
The Office of Health Policy & Legislative Affairs
Department of Preventive Medicine
Department of Public Health Research
Faculty of Medicine
Non-communicable Disease Research Center
Health Policy Research Center
Community Based Psychiatric Care Research Center
Research Group on Global Health and Human Development
Neurology Department
Department of Neurology
Forensic Medicine Division
International Dx Department
Faculty of Medicine
Pacific Institute for Research & Evaluation
Social Determinants of Health Center
Urmia University of Medical Sciences
Non-communicable Disease Research Center
Internal Medicine Department
Health Systems and Policy Research Unit
Department of Health Care Management
Clinical Epidemiology and Public Health Research Unit
School of Health & Rehabilitation Sciences
Department of Medicine
Stanford Cardiovascular Institute
Health Workforce Department
Department of Epidemiology
Department of International Studies
Department of Health Sciences
Estia Health Blakehurst
Institute for Global Health Innovations
Health Promotion Research Center
Mass Communication Department
Department of Epidemiology and Population Health
Department of Medicine
Privatpraxis
Department of Medical Humanities and Social Medicine
Department of Genetics
Clinical Research Department
Department of Orthopedics
International Institute for Educational Planning (IIEP)
College of Medicine
Department of Population Science and Human Resource Development
Future Technology Research Center
University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences
Department of Biomedical Engineering
School of Health and Society
WHO Collaborating Centre for Public Health Education and Training
Department of Primary Care and Public Health
Inovus Medical
Academic Public Health England
School of Medicine
Translational Health Research Institute
Department of Clinical Research
Advanced Campus Governador Valadares
Applied Biomedical Research Center
Biotechnology Research Center
Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences
Department of Neuroimmunulogy
Amity Institute of Public Health
Department of Physiotherapy
Finnish Institute of Occupational Health
Medical Statistics Department
Department of Pediatrics and Child Health Nursing
School of Medicine
Medicine Service
Department of Neuroscience
Department of Medicine
Department of Oncology
Department of Surgery
Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine
Department of Community Medicine
Neuromuscular Rehabilitation Research Center
Clinical Cancer Research Center
Department of Microbiology
UKK Institute
Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology
Raffles Neuroscience Centre
Department of Health Care Administration and Economics
Faculty of Information Technology
Department of Physical Therapy
Caring Futures Institute
Psychology Department
Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention Research
Department of Neuropsychopharmacology
Department of Public Health
Department of Health Policy and Management
School of Business & Economics
Research and Development Department
Department of Rheumatology

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