Global incidence, prevalence, years lived with disability (YLDs), disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 371 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021
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18 May 2024Elsevier B.V.
The Lancet
2024#403Issue 104402133 - 2161 pp.
Background: Detailed, comprehensive, and timely reporting on population health by underlying causes of disability and premature death is crucial to understanding and responding to complex patterns of disease and injury burden over time and across age groups, sexes, and locations. The availability of disease burden estimates can promote evidence-based interventions that enable public health researchers, policy makers, and other professionals to implement strategies that can mitigate diseases. It can also facilitate more rigorous monitoring of progress towards national and international health targets, such as the Sustainable Development Goals. For three decades, the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) has filled that need. A global network of collaborators contributed to the production of GBD 2021 by providing, reviewing, and analysing all available data. GBD estimates are updated routinely with additional data and refined analytical methods. GBD 2021 presents, for the first time, estimates of health loss due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: The GBD 2021 disease and injury burden analysis estimated years lived with disability (YLDs), years of life lost (YLLs), disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 371 diseases and injuries using 100 983 data sources. Data were extracted from vital registration systems, verbal autopsies, censuses, household surveys, disease-specific registries, health service contact data, and other sources. YLDs were calculated by multiplying cause-age-sex-location-year-specific prevalence of sequelae by their respective disability weights, for each disease and injury. YLLs were calculated by multiplying cause-age-sex-location-year-specific deaths by the standard life expectancy at the age that death occurred. DALYs were calculated by summing YLDs and YLLs. HALE estimates were produced using YLDs per capita and age-specific mortality rates by location, age, sex, year, and cause. 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs) were generated for all final estimates as the 2·5th and 97·5th percentiles values of 500 draws. Uncertainty was propagated at each step of the estimation process. Counts and age-standardised rates were calculated globally, for seven super-regions, 21 regions, 204 countries and territories (including 21 countries with subnational locations), and 811 subnational locations, from 1990 to 2021. Here we report data for 2010 to 2021 to highlight trends in disease burden over the past decade and through the first 2 years of the COVID-19 pandemic. Findings: Global DALYs increased from 2·63 billion (95% UI 2·44–2·85) in 2010 to 2·88 billion (2·64–3·15) in 2021 for all causes combined. Much of this increase in the number of DALYs was due to population growth and ageing, as indicated by a decrease in global age-standardised all-cause DALY rates of 14·2% (95% UI 10·7–17·3) between 2010 and 2019. Notably, however, this decrease in rates reversed during the first 2 years of the COVID-19 pandemic, with increases in global age-standardised all-cause DALY rates since 2019 of 4·1% (1·8–6·3) in 2020 and 7·2% (4·7–10·0) in 2021. In 2021, COVID-19 was the leading cause of DALYs globally (212·0 million [198·0–234·5] DALYs), followed by ischaemic heart disease (188·3 million [176·7–198·3]), neonatal disorders (186·3 million [162·3–214·9]), and stroke (160·4 million [148·0–171·7]). However, notable health gains were seen among other leading communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional (CMNN) diseases. Globally between 2010 and 2021, the age-standardised DALY rates for HIV/AIDS decreased by 47·8% (43·3–51·7) and for diarrhoeal diseases decreased by 47·0% (39·9–52·9). Non-communicable diseases contributed 1·73 billion (95% UI 1·54–1·94) DALYs in 2021, with a decrease in age-standardised DALY rates since 2010 of 6·4% (95% UI 3·5–9·5). Between 2010 and 2021, among the 25 leading Level 3 causes, age-standardised DALY rates increased most substantially for anxiety disorders (16·7% [14·0–19·8]), depressive disorders (16·4% [11·9–21·3]), and diabetes (14·0% [10·0–17·4]). Age-standardised DALY rates due to injuries decreased globally by 24·0% (20·7–27·2) between 2010 and 2021, although improvements were not uniform across locations, ages, and sexes. Globally, HALE at birth improved slightly, from 61·3 years (58·6–63·6) in 2010 to 62·2 years (59·4–64·7) in 2021. However, despite this overall increase, HALE decreased by 2·2% (1·6–2·9) between 2019 and 2021. Interpretation: Putting the COVID-19 pandemic in the context of a mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive list of causes of health loss is crucial to understanding its impact and ensuring that health funding and policy address needs at both local and global levels through cost-effective and evidence-based interventions. A global epidemiological transition remains underway. Our findings suggest that prioritising non-communicable disease prevention and treatment policies, as well as strengthening health systems, continues to be crucially important. The progress on reducing the burden of CMNN diseases must not stall; although global trends are improving, the burden of CMNN diseases remains unacceptably high. Evidence-based interventions will help save the lives of young children and mothers and improve the overall health and economic conditions of societies across the world. Governments and multilateral organisations should prioritise pandemic preparedness planning alongside efforts to reduce the burden of diseases and injuries that will strain resources in the coming decades. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
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School of Public Health, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
Centre for Sensorimotor Performance, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
Department of Urology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
School of Dentistry, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
Department of Health Systems and Population Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
Department of Family Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
Department of Anesthesiology & Pain Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
Henry M Jackson School of International Studies, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
Policy and Epidemiology Group, Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, Wacol, QLD, Australia
West Moreton Hospital Health Services, Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, Wacol, QLD, Australia
Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
Dental Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
Department of Orthodontics, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
Clinical Research Development Unit, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
Department of Clinical Governance and Quality Improvement, Aleta Wondo Hospital, Aleta Wondo, Ethiopia
Department of Juridical and Economic Studies, La Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, La Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
Advanced Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Research Center, Tehran, Iran
Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Tehran, Iran
Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Tehran, Iran
School of Medicine, Tehran, Iran
Iranian Research Center for HIV/AIDS, Tehran, Iran
Cardiac Primary Prevention Research Center, Tehran, Iran
Department of Cardiac Electrophysiology, Tehran, Iran
Students Scientific Research Center (SSRC), Tehran, Iran
Center for Research and Training in Skin Diseases and Leprosy, Tehran, Iran
Urology Research Center, Tehran, Iran
Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center, Tehran, Iran
Childrens Medical Center, Tehran, Iran
Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Institute, Tehran, Iran
Department of Cardiology, Tehran, Iran
Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Tehran, Iran
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Tehran, Iran
Tehran Heart Center, Tehran, Iran
Water Quality Research Center, Tehran, Iran
Faculty of Medicine, Tehran, Iran
Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran, Iran
Department of Neurology, Tehran, Iran
Department of Medicine, Tehran, Iran
Department of Pharmaceutical Care, Tehran, Iran
Research Center for Rational Use of Drugs, Tehran, Iran
Department of Pathology, Tehran, Iran
Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Epidemiology, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
Biomedical Informatics and Medical Statistics Department, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Dental Public Health, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
Pediatric Dentistry and Dental Public Health Department, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
Department of Tropical Health and Parasitology, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
Department of Pathology, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
Department of Surgery, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, United States
Department of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
Minimally Invasive Surgery Research Center, Tehran, Iran
Health Management and Economics Research Center, Tehran, Iran
Preventive Medicine and Public Health Research Center, Tehran, Iran
Eye Research Center, Tehran, Iran
Educational Development Center, Tehran, Iran
Comprehensive Research Laboratory, Tehran, Iran
Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research Center, Tehran, Iran
Department of Physiology, Tehran, Iran
Physiology Research Center, Tehran, Iran
Colorectal Research Center, Tehran, Iran
Department of Ophthalmology, Tehran, Iran
Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Bayero University Kano, Kano, Nigeria
Department of Physiotherapy, Bayero University Kano, Kano, Nigeria
Department of Community Medicine, Bayero University Kano, Kano, Nigeria
Department of Nursing Science, Bayero University Kano, Kano, Nigeria
Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
School of Nursing, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
Department of Biostatistics, Near East University, Nicosia, Cyprus
Department of Biostatistics and Health Informatics, Madda Walabu University, Bale Robe, Ethiopia
Postgraduate Department, University of Sierra Sur, Miahuatlan de Porfirio, Diaz, Mexico
National Research Council of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
Department of Family and Community Health, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
Institute of Health Research, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
Institute of Health and Allied Sciences, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
Department of Population and Behavioural Sciences, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
Department of Global Public Health, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences, and Society, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
Department of Internal Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
Department of Maternal and Child Nursing and Public Health, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
Department of Applied Nursing, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
Department of Nursing, Al Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
Clinical Sciences Department, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
Department of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmacotherapeutics, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
Department of Physiotherapy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
Department of Basic Biomedical Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
Department of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
Department of Clinical Science, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
Institute of Community and Public Health, Birzeit University, Ramallah, Palestine
School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
Centre for Social Research in Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
School of Population Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Black Dog Institute, Centre for Research Excellence in Suicide Prevention, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
School of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Centre for Primary Health Care and Equity (CPHCE), University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
The George Institute for Global Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Quality and Systems Performance Unit, Cancer Institute NSW, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Internal Medicine and Alcohol Related Disease Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS (Agostino Gemelli University Polyclinic IRCCS), Rome, Italy
Department of Woman and Child Health and Public Health, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS (Agostino Gemelli University Polyclinic IRCCS), Rome, Italy
Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Università Cattolica di Roma (Catholic University of Rome), Rome, Italy
Department of Community Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
Department of Educational Counselling and Developmental Psychology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
Faculty of Public Health, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
Department of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
Department of Community Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
Department of Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
Department of HIV and Infectious Diseases, Jhpiego, Abuja, Nigeria
Department of Adolescent Research and Care, Adolescent Friendly Research Initiative and Care, Ado Ekiti, Nigeria
Department of Educational Psychology, Johannesburg, South Africa
University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
Department of Health Policy and Management, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
Department of Community Medicine, King Edward Memorial Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan
Department of Public Health, Public Health Institute, Lahore, Pakistan
Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Urology Department, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Internal Medicine Department of SBMU, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Psychiatric Nursing and Management Department, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Medical Genetics, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Center for Comprehensive Genetic Services, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Immunology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Health Policy and Management, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Safety Promotion and Injury Prevention Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Neurosurgery, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Student Research Committee, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Epidemiology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Anesthesiology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Ophthalmic Research Center (ORC), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Emergency Department, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Medical Education, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies GF Ingrassia, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
Department of General Surgery and Medical-Surgical Specialties, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
Department of Medical Biochemistry, Shaqra University, Shaqra, Saudi Arabia
Department of Pediatrics, Shaqra University, Shaqra, Saudi Arabia
Department of Pharmacology, Shaqra University, Shaqra, Saudi Arabia
School of Medicine and Psychology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
Research School of Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
Public Health Foundation of India, Gandhinagar, India
Department of Medical Oncology, Miami Cancer Institute, Miami, FL, United States
Department of Medicine, Miami Cancer Institute, Miami, FL, United States
Department of Community Medicine and Preventive Health, King Edward Medical University Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
Department of Pharmacy Practice, Riphah Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Islamabad, Pakistan
Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health (IDGPH), University of California, San Diego, CA, United States
Institute of Public Health, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
Family Medicine Department, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
Department of Computer Science and Software Engineering, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
Department of Epidemiology, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
Department of Public Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
Department of Surgery, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
Australian Center for Precision Health, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
Department of Allied Health and Human Performance, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
Department of Food and Nutrition Policy and Planning Research, National Institute of Nutrition, Tehran, Iran
Department of Internal Medicine, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, University General Hospital of Patras, Patras, Greece
Department of Cardiology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
Department of Health Management Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
Division of Public Health Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
Department of Clinical Sciences, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
Center for Medical and Bio-Allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
John T. Milliken Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
Department of Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
Brown School, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
Clinical Epidemiology Center, US Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), St Louis, MO, United States
Department of Community and Mental Health, Al al-Bayt University, Mafraq, Jordan
Institute of Health Informatics, University College London, London, United Kingdom
Division of Psychology and Language Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom
Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom
Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom
Hosaena, Ethiopia
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
College of Medicine and Health Science, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
Department of Health Promotion and Behavioural Science, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
Department of Surgery, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
Department of Pharmacology, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
School of Population Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, WA, Australia
Child Health Analytics Research Program, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, WA, Australia
Geospatial Health and Development Team, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, WA, Australia
The Malaria Atlas Project, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, WA, Australia
Global Centre for Environmental Remediation, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
Department of Public Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
Adult Health and Critical Care Department, Sultan Qaboos University, College of Nursing, Alseeb, Oman
Department of Medical Rehabilitation (Physiotherapy), University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, Nigeria
Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Administration, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, Nigeria
Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences (CIRBSc), Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
Center for Biotechnology and Microbiology, University of Swat, Swat, Pakistan
Department of Health Policy and Management, Kuwait University, Kuwait
International Centre for Casemix and Clinical Coding, National University of Malaysia, Bandar Tun Razak, Malaysia
Department of Dentistry, Sanaa, Yemen
Public Health and Community Medicine, Irbid, Jordan
Department of Medicine, Nazarbayev University, Astana, Kazakhstan
Department of Physical Education, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
Social and Economic Survey Research Institute, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
Department of Population Medicine, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
Department of Rehabilitation Sciences and Physical Therapy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Khalifa University of Science, Technology & Research, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
Department of Basic Sciences, Yarmouk Univeristy, Irbid, Jordan
Research Group in Hospital Management and Health Policies, Universidad de la Costa (University of the Coast), Barranquilla, Colombia
Department of Economic Sciences, Universidad de la Costa (University of the Coast), Barranquilla, Colombia
Research Group in Health Economics, University of Cartagena, Cartagena, Colombia
National Health Observatory, National Institute of Health, Bogota, Colombia
Colombian National Health Observatory, National Institute of Health, Bogota, Colombia
Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
Department of Medical Sciences, Azal University for Human Development, Sanaa, Yemen
Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of Fujairah, Fujairah, United Arab Emirates
Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Boston Childrens Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
Department of Pediatrics, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
Center for Primary Care, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
Harvard Business School, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
Department of Epidemiology, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
Department of Neurological Surgery, Brigham and Womens Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
Department of Health Policy and Oral Epidemiology, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
School of Public Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
School of Global Public Health, New York University, New York, NY, United States
School of Graduate Studies, Lingnan University, Hong Kong
Public Health and Community Medicine Department, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
Department of Neurology, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
National Hepatology and Tropical Medicine Research Institute, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
Medicine, Quran and Hadith Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Nephrology and Urology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Maternal and Child Wellbeing, African Population and Health Research Center, Nairobi, Kenya
Faculty of Pharmacy, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
Department of Cardiology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
Department of Internal Medicine, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
Department of Legal Medicine and Bioethics, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
Department of General Surgery, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
Department of Diabetes, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
Department of Dermatology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
Neurology Department, Royal Brisbane and Womens Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
Faculty of Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
School of Architecture, Design, and Planning, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Westmead Clinical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
School of Pharmacy, Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Save Sight Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Kolling Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Sydney Musculoskeletal Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
School of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Department of Health Care Management, Technical University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
European University, Lisbon, Portugal
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
Health Promotion Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
School of Chemical and Life Sciences (SCLS), Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
Department of Surgery, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
Department of Pathology, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Warwick Medical School, Coventry, United Kingdom
University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
Department of Medicine, Western University, London, ON, Canada
Gastroenterology Department, Pontifical Catholic University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
Department of Gastroenterology, School of Medicine, Pontifical Catholic University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
College of Pharmacy, Al Ain University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, United States
Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
Department of Health Policy and Management, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
Health Sciences Department of Oncology Nursing, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
School of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
Department of Cardiovascular, Endocrine-Metabolic Diseases and Aging, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
University College of Medicine & Dentistry, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
University Institute of Public Health, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
Department of Technology, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
Research Centre for Health Sciences (RCHS), The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
Department of Physics, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
Department of Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
Department of Computer Science, Greenville, NC, United States
Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Greenville, NC, United States
Department of Physiology, Greenville, NC, United States
East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States
Department of Community Medicine and Rehabilitation, Umeå University, Umea, Sweden
Department of Nursing, Umeå University, Umea, Sweden
Department of Public Health, Wachemo University, Hossana, Ethiopia
Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, University of Nigeria Nsukka, Enugu, Nigeria
Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Nigeria Nsukka, Enugu, Nigeria
Department of Telemedicine, Society for Disease Prevention, Inc., Hummelstown, PA, United States
Department of Nutrition, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
Department of Immunology, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
Hunter New England Population Health, Wallsend, NSW, Australia
Faculty of Nursing, Philadelphia University, Amman, Jordan
Department of Forensic Medicine, Lumbini Medical College, Palpa, Nepal
Northumbria HealthCare NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
School of Business, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
Department of Statistics and Econometrics, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Bucharest, Romania
Faculty of Management, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Bucharest, Romania
Robarts Research Institute, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
School of Nursing and Public Health, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
Discipline of Public Health Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
The Judith Lumley Centre, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
School of Nursing and Midwifery, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
Department of Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
San Martin de Porres University, Lima, Peru
Department of Psychiatry, Universidad Europea de Madridn (European University of Madrid), Madrid, Spain
Biomedical Research Networking Center for Mental Health Network (CIBERSAM), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
National School of Public Health, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
Department of Sciences, Cooperativa de Ensino Superior Politécnico e Universitário (CESPU) (University Polytechnic Higher Education Cooperative), Gandra, Portugal
Toxicology Research Unit (TOXRUN), Cooperativa de Ensino Superior Politécnico e Universitário (CESPU) (University Polytechnic Higher Education Cooperative), Gandra, Portugal
Department of Physiotherapy, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
Prasanna School of Public Heath (PSPH), Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
Manipal TATA Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
Department of Community Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
Department of Health Information Management, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
Gomal Center of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan
Department of Forensic Science, Government Institute of Forensic Science, Nagpur, India
Division of Orthopaedics, Childrens Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
Health Research Institute, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT
,
School of Public Health
Centre for Sensorimotor Performance
Department of Urology
School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences
School of Dentistry
Queensland Brain Institute
Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation
Department of Applied Mathematics
Department of Health Metrics Sciences
Department of Global Health
Department of Health Systems and Population Health
Department of Family Medicine
Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology
Department of Neurology
Department of Anesthesiology & Pain Medicine
Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
Henry M Jackson School of International Studies
Policy and Epidemiology Group
West Moreton Hospital Health Services
Faculty of Medicine
Dental Research Center
Department of Orthodontics
Clinical Research Development Unit
Department of Clinical Governance and Quality Improvement
Department of Juridical and Economic Studies
Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases
Advanced Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Research Center
Research Center for Immunodeficiencies
Non-communicable Diseases Research Center
School of Medicine
Iranian Research Center for HIV/AIDS
Cardiac Primary Prevention Research Center
Department of Cardiac Electrophysiology
Students Scientific Research Center (SSRC)
Center for Research and Training in Skin Diseases and Leprosy
Urology Research Center
Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center
Childrens Medical Center
Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Institute
Department of Cardiology
Department of Pediatric Cardiology
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics
Tehran Heart Center
Water Quality Research Center
Faculty of Medicine
Digestive Diseases Research Institute
Department of Neurology
Department of Medicine
Department of Pharmaceutical Care
Research Center for Rational Use of Drugs
Department of Pathology
Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Department of Epidemiology
Biomedical Informatics and Medical Statistics Department
Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Dental Public Health
Pediatric Dentistry and Dental Public Health Department
Department of Tropical Health and Parasitology
Department of Pathology
Department of Surgery
Department of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases
Minimally Invasive Surgery Research Center
Health Management and Economics Research Center
Preventive Medicine and Public Health Research Center
Eye Research Center
Educational Development Center
Comprehensive Research Laboratory
Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research Center
Department of Physiology
Physiology Research Center
Colorectal Research Center
Department of Ophthalmology
Iran University of Medical Sciences
Bayero University Kano
Department of Physiotherapy
Department of Community Medicine
Department of Nursing Science
Department of Rehabilitation Sciences
School of Nursing
Department of Biostatistics
Department of Biostatistics and Health Informatics
Postgraduate Department
National Research Council of Mexico
Department of Family and Community Health
Institute of Health Research
Institute of Health and Allied Sciences
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics
Department of Population and Behavioural Sciences
Department of Microbiology and Immunology
Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics
Department of Global Public Health
Department of Neurobiology
Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery
Department of Pediatric Dentistry
Department of Internal Medicine
Department of Maternal and Child Nursing and Public Health
Department of Applied Nursing
Department of Nursing
Clinical Sciences Department
College of Medicine
Department of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmacotherapeutics
Department of Physiotherapy
Department of Basic Biomedical Sciences
Sharjah Institute for Medical Research
Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics
Department of Basic Medical Sciences
Department of Clinical Science
Department of Medicinal Chemistry
Institute of Community and Public Health
School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine
Centre for Social Research in Health
National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre
School of Population Health
School of Psychiatry
Black Dog Institute
School of Public Health and Community Medicine
Centre for Primary Health Care and Equity (CPHCE)
School of Optometry and Vision Science
Faculty of Medicine and Health
The George Institute for Global Health
Quality and Systems Performance Unit
Internal Medicine and Alcohol Related Disease Unit
Department of Woman and Child Health and Public Health
Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences
Department of Community Medicine
Department of Educational Counselling and Developmental Psychology
Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics
College of Medicine
Faculty of Public Health
Department of Medicine
Department of Community Medicine
Department of Medicine
Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
Department of HIV and Infectious Diseases
Department of Adolescent Research and Care
Department of Educational Psychology
University of Johannesburg
Department of Radiology and Radiological Science
Department of Biostatistics
Department of Neurosurgery
Department of Health Policy and Management
Department of International Health
Department of Community Medicine
Department of Public Health
Department of Orthopedic Surgery
Urology Department
Internal Medicine Department of SBMU
Psychiatric Nursing and Management Department
Department of Medical Genetics
Center for Comprehensive Genetic Services
Obstetrics and Gynecology Department
Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences
Department of Immunology
Department of Health Policy and Management
Safety Promotion and Injury Prevention Research Center
Department of Neurosurgery
Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science
Social Determinants of Health Research Center
School of Medicine
Student Research Committee
Department of Epidemiology
Department of Anesthesiology
Ophthalmic Research Center (ORC)
Emergency Department
Department of Medical Education
Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies GF Ingrassia
Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences
Department of General Surgery and Medical-Surgical Specialties
Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine
Department of Medical Biochemistry
Department of Pediatrics
Department of Pharmacology
School of Medicine and Psychology
National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health
Research School of Population Health
Public Health Foundation of India
Department of Medical Oncology
Department of Medicine
Department of Community Medicine and Preventive Health
Department of Pharmacy Practice
Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health (IDGPH)
Institute of Public Health
College of Medicine and Health Sciences
Family Medicine Department
Department of Computer Science and Software Engineering
Department of Epidemiology
Department of Public Health
Department of Surgery
Australian Center for Precision Health
Department of Allied Health and Human Performance
Department of Food and Nutrition Policy and Planning Research
Department of Internal Medicine
Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases
Department of Cardiology
Department of Health Management Center
Division of Public Health Sciences
Department of Clinical Sciences
Center for Medical and Bio-Allied Health Sciences Research
John T. Milliken Department of Internal Medicine
Department of Surgery
Brown School
Clinical Epidemiology Center
Department of Community and Mental Health
Institute of Health Informatics
Division of Psychology and Language Sciences
Institute of Cardiovascular Science
Division of Surgery and Interventional Science
Hosaena
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics
College of Medicine and Health Science
Department of Health Promotion and Behavioural Science
Department of Surgery
Department of Pharmacology
Faculty of Health Sciences
School of Population Health
School of Public Health
Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases
Child Health Analytics Research Program
Geospatial Health and Development Team
The Malaria Atlas Project
Global Centre for Environmental Remediation
School of Medicine and Public Health
Department of Public Health and Medicine
Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment
Adult Health and Critical Care Department
Department of Medical Rehabilitation (Physiotherapy)
Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Administration
Department of Biosciences
Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences (CIRBSc)
Center for Biotechnology and Microbiology
Department of Health Policy and Management
International Centre for Casemix and Clinical Coding
Department of Dentistry
Public Health and Community Medicine
Department of Medicine
Department of Physical Education
Social and Economic Survey Research Institute
Department of Population Medicine
Department of Rehabilitation Sciences and Physical Therapy
Department of Rehabilitation Sciences
Department of Clinical Pharmacy
Department of Epidemiology and Population Health
Department of Basic Sciences
Research Group in Hospital Management and Health Policies
Department of Economic Sciences
Research Group in Health Economics
National Health Observatory
Colombian National Health Observatory
Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology
Department of Medical Sciences
Department of Clinical Sciences
Department of Pediatric Cardiology
Department of Pediatrics
Center for Primary Care
Harvard Business School
Department of Epidemiology
Department of Neurological Surgery
Department of Ophthalmology
Department of Health Policy and Oral Epidemiology
Department of Global Health and Social Medicine
T.H. Chan School of Public Health
School of Medicine
Adelaide Medical School
School of Public Health
School of Global Public Health
School of Graduate Studies
Public Health and Community Medicine Department
Department of Neurology
National Hepatology and Tropical Medicine Research Institute
Medicine
Nephrology and Urology Research Center
Department of Maternal and Child Wellbeing
Faculty of Pharmacy
Department of Cardiology
Department of Dermatology and Venereology
Department of Internal Medicine
Department of Legal Medicine and Bioethics
Department of General Surgery
Department of Anatomy and Embryology
Department of Diabetes
Department of Dermatology
Neurology Department
Faculty of Medicine
School of Architecture
Westmead Clinical School
School of Pharmacy
School of Public Health
Faculty of Medicine and Health
Sydney Medical School
Save Sight Institute
Kolling Institute
Sydney Musculoskeletal Health
School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering
School of Veterinary Science
Department of Health Care Management
European University
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics
Health Promotion Research Center
School of Chemical and Life Sciences (SCLS)
Department of Surgery
Department of Pathology
Warwick Medical School
University of Warwick
Department of Medicine
Gastroenterology Department
Department of Gastroenterology
College of Pharmacy
University of Texas Health Science Center
Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences
Department of Health Policy and Management
Health Sciences Department of Oncology Nursing
Department of Clinical Pharmacy
School of Medical Laboratory Sciences
Department of Cardiovascular
University College of Medicine & Dentistry
Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology
University Institute of Public Health
Department of Technology
Research Centre for Health Sciences (RCHS)
Department of Physics
Department of Biophysics
Department of Computer Science
Department of Cardiovascular Sciences
Department of Physiology
East Carolina University
Department of Community Medicine and Rehabilitation
Department of Nursing
Department of Public Health
Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences
Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics
Department of Telemedicine
Department of Nutrition
Department of Immunology
Hunter New England Population Health
Faculty of Nursing
Department of Forensic Medicine
Northumbria HealthCare NHS Foundation Trust
School of Business
Department of Health Sciences
Department of Statistics and Econometrics
Faculty of Management
Robarts Research Institute
School of Nursing and Public Health
Discipline of Public Health Medicine
The Judith Lumley Centre
School of Nursing and Midwifery
Department of Public Health
San Martin de Porres University
Department of Psychiatry
Biomedical Research Networking Center for Mental Health Network (CIBERSAM)
National School of Public Health
Department of Sciences
Toxicology Research Unit (TOXRUN)
Department of Physiotherapy
Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology
Prasanna School of Public Heath (PSPH)
Kasturba Medical College
Manipal College of Dental Sciences
Manipal TATA Medical College
Department of Community Medicine
Department of Health Information Management
Gomal Center of Biochemistry and Biotechnology
Department of Forensic Science
Division of Orthopaedics
Health Research Institute
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