Perceptions of the appropriate response to norm violation in 57 societies

Eriksson K. Strimling P. Gelfand M. Wu J. Abernathy J. Akotia C.S. Aldashev A. Andersson P.A. Andrighetto G. Anum A. Arikan G. Aycan Z. Bagherian F. Barrera D. Basnight-Brown D. Batkeyev B. Belaus A. Berezina E. Björnstjerna M. Blumen S. Boski P. Bou Zeineddine F. Bovina I. Huyen B.T.T. Cardenas J.-C. Čekrlija Đ. Choi H.-S. Contreras-Ibáñez C.C. Costa-Lopes R. de Barra M. de Zoysa P. Dorrough A. Dvoryanchikov N. Eller A. Engelmann J.B. Euh H. Fang X. Fiedler S. Foster-Gimbel O.A. Fülöp M. Gardarsdottir R.B. Gill C.M.H.D. Glöckner A. Graf S. Grigoryan A. Gritskov V. Growiec K. Halama P. Hartanto A. Hopthrow T. Hřebíčková M. Iliško D. Imada H. Kapoor H. Kawakami K. Khachatryan N. Kharchenko N. Khoury N. Kiyonari T. Kohút M. Linh L.T. Leslie L.M. Li Y. Li N.P. Li Z. Liik K. Maitner A.T. Manhique B. Manley H. Medhioub I. Mentser S. Mohammed L. Nejat P. Nipassa O. Nussinson R. Onyedire N.G. Onyishi I.E. Özden S. Panagiotopoulou P. Perez-Floriano L.R. Persson M.S. Pheko M. Pirttilä-Backman A.-M. Pogosyan M. Raver J. Reyna C. Rodrigues R.B. Romanò S. Romero P.P. Sakki I. San Martin A. Sherbaji S. Shimizu H. Simpson B. Szabo E. Takemura K. Tieffi H. Mendes Teixeira M.L. Thanomkul N. Tiliouine H. Travaglino G.A. Tsirbas Y. Wan R. Widodo S. Zein R. Zhang Q.-P. Zirganou-Kazolea L. Van Lange P.A.M.
1 December 2021 Nature Research

Nature Communications
2021 #12 Issue 1

Norm enforcement may be important for resolving conflicts and promoting cooperation. However, little is known about how preferred responses to norm violations vary across cultures and across domains. In a preregistered study of 57 countries (using convenience samples of 22,863 students and non-students), we measured perceptions of the appropriateness of various responses to a violation of a cooperative norm and to atypical social behaviors. Our findings highlight both cultural universals and cultural variation. We find a universal negative relation between appropriateness ratings of norm violations and appropriateness ratings of responses in the form of confrontation, social ostracism and gossip. Moreover, we find the country variation in the appropriateness of sanctions to be consistent across different norm violations but not across different sanctions. Specifically, in those countries where use of physical confrontation and social ostracism is rated as less appropriate, gossip is rated as more appropriate.

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Center for Cultural Evolution, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
Mälardalen University, Västerås, Sweden
Institute for Futures Studies, Box 591, Stockholm, Sweden
Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang District, Beijing, China
Department of Sociology, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
Department of Psychology, University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG 84 Legon, Accra, Ghana
New School of Economics, Satbayev University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
Department of Behavioral Sciences and Learning, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
Institute of Cognitive Sciences and Technologies, National Research Council of Italy, Rome, Italy
Department of Political Science, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
Koç University, Rumelifeneri, Sarıyer Rumelifeneri Yolu, Istanbul, Turkey
Department of Psychology and Education, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
University of Turin and Collegio Carlo Alberto, Turin, Italy
United States International University – Africa, Box 14634 00800, Nairobi, Kenya
International School of Economics, Kazakh-British Technical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
Instituto de Investigaciones Psicológicas (IIPsi), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), CABA, Argentina
Universidad Nacional de Córdoba (UNC). Facultad de Psicología (UNC), Ciudad Universitaria, Bv. de la Reforma esquina, Enfermera Gordillo s/n, Córdoba, Argentina
Sunway University, No. 5, Jalan Universiti, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
Departamento de Psicología, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, San Miguel, Lima, Peru
SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Warsaw, Chodakowska, Poland
Department of Psychology, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
Moscow State University of Psychology and Education, Moscow, Russian Federation
Hanoi National University of Education, Cau Giay District, Hanoi, Viet Nam
Universidad de los Andes, Colombia, Bogota, Colombia
Faculty of philosophy, University of Banja Luka, Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina
Department of Psychology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, South Korea
Departamento de Sociología, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana - Unidad Iztapalapa, Ciudad de México, Mexico
Instituto de Ciências Sociais, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
Center for Culture and Evolution, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, United Kingdom
Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo 8, Sri Lanka
Department of Psychology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Av. Universidad 3004, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México, Mexico
Center for Research in Experimental Economics and Political Decision Making (CREED), Amsterdam School of Economics, University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 15867, Amsterdam, NJ, Netherlands
Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, 55455, MN, United States
Department of Psychology, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
Max Planck Institute for Research on Collective Goods, Bonn, Germany
New York University, Stern School of Business, New York, 10012, NY, United States
Institute for Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, Research Centre of Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
Eötvös Loránd University, Faculty of Psychology and Education, Budapest, Hungary
Department of Psychology, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland
Institute of Psychology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
Department of Personality Psychology, Yerevan State University, Yerevan, Armenia
Saint Petersburg State University, St Petersburg, Russian Federation
Center for Social and Psychological Sciences, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
School of Social Sciences, Singapore Management University, Singapore, Singapore
School of Psychology, University of Kent, Canterbury, United Kingdom
Daugavpils University, Daugvapils, Latvia
Department of Psychology, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
Kyiv International Institute of Sociology, Kyiv, Ukraine
Future Minds Gifted Centre, Lima, Peru
Aoyama Gakuin University, Sagamihara-city, Kanagawa, Japan
Faculty of Philosophy and Arts, University of Trnava, Trnava, Slovakia
National Economics University, Hai Ba Trung, Dong Tam District, Hanoi, Viet Nam
Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
Melbourne School of Psychological Science, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
Department of Psychology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
School of Natural Sciences and Health, Tallinn University, Tallinn, Estonia
Department of International Studies, American University of Sharjah, PO Box 26666, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
Eduardo Mondlane University, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences, Department of Sociology, Maputo, Mozambique
Faculty of Psychology, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
Department of Finance and Investment, Al Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), P.O. Box 5701, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
The Open University of Israel, Raanana, Israel
Institute of Criminology and Public Safety, Valsayn Campus, Graver Road, Valsayn, University of Trinidad and Tobago, Arima, Trinidad and Tobago
University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
Department of Psychology, University of Nigeria Nsukka, Nsukka, Nigeria
Department of Education and Social Work, University of Patras, Rion, Patras, Greece
Universidad Diego Portales, Santiago, Chile
Department of Psychology, University of Botswana, Private Bag UB 00705, Gaborone, Botswana
University of Helsinki, Faculty of Social Sciences, Social Psychology, PO Box 54 (Unioninkatu 37), Helsinki, Finland
Politics, Psychology, Law and Economics (PPLE), University of Amsterdam, PO Box 15575, Amsterdam, Netherlands
Queen’s University, Goodes Hall, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, Canada
Instituto Universitário de Lisboa ISCTE-IUL, CIS, Lisbon, Portugal
Department of Culture, Politics and Society, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
Experimental and Computational Economics Lab (ECEL), School of Economics, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Diego de Robles y Pampite, Quito, Ecuador
University of Eastern Finland, Department of Social Sciences, P.O. Box 162770211, Kuopio, Finland
IESE Business School, Madrid, Spain
Kwansei Gakuin University, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan
Department of International Management, Johannes Kepler University, Linz, Austria
Faculty of Economics, Shiga University, Hikone, Shiga, Japan
Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny Cocody-Abidjan, Centre Ivoirien d’Etude et de Recherche en Psychologie Appliquée (CIERPA), Abidjan, Cote dIvoire
Mackenzie Presbyterian University, Business Administration Postgraduate Program, São Paulo, Brazil
Labo-PECS, Faculty of Social Sciences, Université d’Oran 2, Oran, Algeria
School of Humanities and Social Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Longgang District, Shenzhen, China
University of Athens, Department of Political Science and Public Administration, Athens, Greece
Department of Personality and Social Psychology, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
Guangzhou University, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, China
VU Amsterdam, Department of Experimental and Applied Psychology, Institute for Brain and Behavior Amsterdam (IBBA), Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands

Center for Cultural Evolution
Mälardalen University
Institute for Futures Studies
Department of Psychology
CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Sciences
Department of Sociology
Department of Psychology
New School of Economics
Department of Behavioral Sciences and Learning
Institute of Cognitive Sciences and Technologies
Department of Political Science
Koç University
Department of Psychology and Education
University of Turin and Collegio Carlo Alberto
United States International University – Africa
International School of Economics
Instituto de Investigaciones Psicológicas (IIPsi)
Universidad Nacional de Córdoba (UNC). Facultad de Psicología (UNC)
Sunway University
Departamento de Psicología
SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities
Department of Psychology
Moscow State University of Psychology and Education
Hanoi National University of Education
Universidad de los Andes
Faculty of philosophy
Department of Psychology
Departamento de Sociología
Instituto de Ciências Sociais
Center for Culture and Evolution
Faculty of Medicine
Department of Psychology
Facultad de Psicología
Center for Research in Experimental Economics and Political Decision Making (CREED)
Department of Psychology
Department of Psychology
Max Planck Institute for Research on Collective Goods
New York University
Institute for Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology
Eötvös Loránd University
Department of Psychology
Institute of Psychology
Department of Personality Psychology
Saint Petersburg State University
Center for Social and Psychological Sciences
School of Social Sciences
School of Psychology
Daugavpils University
Department of Psychology
Kyiv International Institute of Sociology
Future Minds Gifted Centre
Aoyama Gakuin University
Faculty of Philosophy and Arts
National Economics University
Nagoya University
Melbourne School of Psychological Science
Department of Psychology
School of Natural Sciences and Health
Department of International Studies
Eduardo Mondlane University
Faculty of Psychology
Department of Finance and Investment
The Open University of Israel
Institute of Criminology and Public Safety
University of Haifa
Department of Psychology
Department of Education and Social Work
Universidad Diego Portales
Department of Psychology
University of Helsinki
Politics
Queen’s University
Instituto Universitário de Lisboa ISCTE-IUL
Department of Culture
Experimental and Computational Economics Lab (ECEL)
University of Eastern Finland
IESE Business School
Kwansei Gakuin University
Department of International Management
Faculty of Economics
Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny Cocody-Abidjan
Mackenzie Presbyterian University
Labo-PECS
School of Humanities and Social Science
University of Athens
Department of Personality and Social Psychology
Guangzhou University
VU Amsterdam

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