Refuge of the Ottoman Grand Viziers to Britain: M. Said Paşa’s at the British Embassy (1895) & Kâmil Paşa’s at the Consulate General in Izmir (1907)

Osmanlı Sadrazamları, M. Said Paşanın 1895te İngiliz Elçiliğine ve Kâmil Paşanın 1907de İzmir Konsolosluğuna Sığınması
Çelik A. Dossymova M.
SPRING 2025 Hacettepe University

Journal of Modern Turkish History
2025 #21 Issue 42 369 - 390 pp.

The reign of Abdul Hamid II was a period in which both internal events and foreign states, especially Britain, intervened frequently on certain issues. The Armenian issue was one of these issues. In particular, Britain constantly pressured the Ottoman State to implement reforms in favor of the Armenians and to improve their status in order to prevent the Armenians inclination towards the Russians. The period when these pressures were most intense was in the 1890s, when Armenians rebelled almost everywhere in Anatolia. Armenians rebelled, the Ottoman government suppressed them, and the British government applied political pressure on the Ottoman palace and government for suppressing the rebellions by force. In such an environment, Mehmet Said Pasha, the Prime Minister of the Ottoman Government, who was squeezed between the Ottoman Palace and the British Embassy, was fed up with the situation and took refuge in the British Embassy in 1895. Similarly, another Prime Minister of Abdul Hamid II had to take refuge in the British Consulate in Izmir in 1907 due to the pressure from the palace while he was governor of Izmir. In addition to the original sources in the British and Ottoman Archives, second-hand sources on the subject have also been seen.

Abdul Hamid II , British Consulate-General in Smyrna , British Embassy , Grand Vizier , Kâmil Pasha , Mehmet Said Pasha , Refuge

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Ankara, Turkey
Abai Kazakh National Pedagogical University, Almati, Kazakhstan

Ankara
Abai Kazakh National Pedagogical University

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