Cephalometric Norms of Kazakh Adults Using Steiner’s Analysis and Comparison of Their Craniofacial Features with Other Populations: An Observational Study
Dosmatova K. Yasa Y. Nigmatov R. Myrkassymova A. Kurakbayev K. Altynbekov K.
January 2025Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd
Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice
2025#26Issue 9821 - 827 pp.
Aims: The aim of this study was to measure Steiner’s cephalometric norms for the Kazakh adult population representing the indigenous population of Kazakhstan and compare them with published measurements from selected ethnic groups. Materials and methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 120 adult Kazakh patients, 60 males and 60 females, aged 16–35 years, with normal class I occlusion, a balanced profile, and no previous orthodontic treatments. Steiner’s cephalometric norms were measured from lateral cephalometric radiographs. Results: Most of the Kazakh cephalometric parameters did not significantly differ from Steiner’s (Caucasian) norms. Although SNB (angle) and U1-NA (angle) were statistically significantly less than the presented Caucasian norms. In contrast, parameters such as L1-NB (angle) and L1-NB (line) statistically significantly exceeded Steiner’s norms. We found slightly protruding upper jaws, a characteristic of Kazakhs with normal occlusion. Specifically, the ANB angle of 2.8°, which slightly exceeds Steiner’s norms, indicated the dominance of the class II bite. Various measures differed between Kazakh males and females, including angles U1-NA, L1-NB, Occl.-SN, GoGn-SN, and the position of the lips relative to the S-line. Conclusion: We established the cephalometric norms of the Kazakh population and highlighted similarities and differences with the Caucasian population (as a representative of their geographical neighbors) and other selected populations. Our data will significantly support and improve the diagnosis and treatment of the Kazakh adult population. Clinical significance: Considering ethnic-specific craniofacial morphology is essential for achieving effective and lasting orthodontic outcomes. Our findings support the need for national cephalometric standards to improve diagnosis and treatment planning for the Kazakh population.
Cephalometric norms , Craniofacial morphology , Kazakh population , Racial variations , Steiner’s analysis
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Department of Clinical Disciplines, Graduate School of Medicine, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
Faculty of Medicine, Kazakhstan Medical University, Higher School of Public Health, Almaty, Kazakhstan
Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Ordu University, Ordu, Turkey
Department of Orthodontic and Tooth Replacement, Tashkent State Dental Institute, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
Department of Biostatistics and Scientific Research, School of Public Health, Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
Department of Health Economics and Insurance Medicine, Kazakhstan’s Medical University, Higher School of Public Health, Almaty, Kazakhstan
Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
Department of Clinical Disciplines
Faculty of Medicine
Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology
Department of Orthodontic and Tooth Replacement
Department of Biostatistics and Scientific Research
Department of Health Economics and Insurance Medicine
Department of Prosthetic Dentistry
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