Heart failure with mildly reduced ejection fraction: from diagnosis to treatment. Gaps and dilemmas in current clinical practice
Cvijic M. Rib Y. Danojevic S. Radulescu C.I. Nazghaidze N. Vardas P.
July 2023Springer
Heart Failure Reviews
2023#28Issue 4767 - 780 pp.
Heart failure (HF) with mildly reduced ejection fraction (HFmrEF) was recently recognised as a distinct clinical entity. Although guideline diagnostic criteria for HFmrEF are well defined, there is substantial variation in clinical characteristics, pathophysiology and prognosis of this group of patients. The heterogeneity in clinical presentations of HFmrEF arises from diverse patients’ risk factors, coexisting comorbidities, which modify clinical signs and symptoms, and stage of the disease. On the other hand, HFmrEF shares common clinical features with other HF subgroups. However, the knowledge about the mechanisms and therapeutic approaches in HFmrEF is far from being completely understood. Therefore, HFmrEF represents one of the most intriguing areas of heart failure research. The aim of this review is therefore to highlight the diagnostic challenges in HFmrEF and to provide a constructive appraisal on the pathophysiology of HFmrEF, as well as to discuss the role of pharmacological and nonpharmacological treatment options in patients with HFmrEF.
Diagnosis , Heart failure with mildly reduced ejection fraction , Pathophysiology , Treatment
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Department of Cardiology, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Zaloška 7, Ljubljana, 1000, Slovenia
Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
Department of Cardiology, 1St State Hospital, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan
Department of Internal Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Astana Medical University, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan
Department of Cardiology, General Hospital Celje, Celje, Slovenia
ARES Centers of Excellence in Interventional Cardiology, Monza Hospital, Bucharest, Romania
University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Carol Davila”, Bucharest, Romania
Tbilisi Heart Center, Tbilisi, Georgia
Heart Sector, Hygeia Hospitals Groups, Athens, Greece
Cardiology Department, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraclion, Greece
Department of Cardiology
Faculty of Medicine
Department of Cardiology
Department of Internal Diseases
Department of Cardiology
ARES Centers of Excellence in Interventional Cardiology
University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Carol Davila”
Tbilisi Heart Center
Heart Sector
Cardiology Department
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