Global, regional, and national stillbirths at 20 weeks gestation or longer in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2021: findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

Comfort H. McHugh T.A. Schumacher A.E. Harris A. May E.A. Paulson K.R. Gardner W.M. Fuller J.E. Frisch M.E. Taylor H.J. Leever A.T. Teply C. Verghese N.A. Alam T. Abate Y.H. Abbastabar H. ElHafeez S.A. Abdelmasseh M. Abd-Elsalam S. Abdissa D. Abdoun M. Abdulkader R.S. Abebe M. Abedi A. Abidi H. Abiodun O. Aboagye R.G. Abolhassani H. Abrigo M.R.M. Abu-Gharbieh E. Abu-Rmeileh N.M.E. Adane M.M. Addo I.Y. Adema B.G. Adesina M.A. Adetunji C.O. Adeyinka D.A. Adnani Q.E.S. Afzal S. Agampodi S.B. Agodi A. Agyemang-Duah W. Ahinkorah B.O. Ahmad A. Ahmad D. Ahmadi A. Ahmed A. Ahmed H. Ahmed L.A. Ajami M. Akinosoglou K. Al Hasan S.M. Al-Aly Z. Alam K. Alanezi F.M. Alanzi T.M. Albashtawy M. Alemi S. Algammal A.M. Al-Gheethi A.A.S. Ali A. Ali L. Ali M.U. Alif S.M. Aljunid S.M. Almazan J.U. Al-Mekhlafi H.M. Almidani L. Almustanyir S. Altirkawi K.A. Aly H. Aly S. Amani R. Ameyaw E.K. Amhare A.F. Amin T.T. Amiri S. Andrei C.L. Andrei T. Anoushiravani A. Ansar A. Anvari D. Anwer R. Appiah F. 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16 November 2024 Elsevier B.V.

The Lancet
2024 #404 Issue 10466 1955 - 1988 pp.

Background: Stillbirth is a devastating and often avoidable adverse pregnancy outcome. Monitoring stillbirth levels and trends—in a comprehensive manner that leaves no one uncounted—is imperative for continuing progress in pregnancy loss reduction. This analysis, completed as part of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2021, methodically accounted for different stillbirth definitions with the aim of comprehensively estimating all stillbirths at 20 weeks or longer for 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2021. Methods: We extracted data on stillbirths from 11 412 sources across 185 of 204 countries and territories, including 234 surveys, 231 published studies, 1633 vital statistics reports, and 10 585 unique location-year combinations from vital registration systems. Our final dataset comprised 11 different definitions, which were adjusted to match two gestational age thresholds: 20 weeks or longer (reference) and 28 weeks or longer (for comparisons). We modelled the ratio of stillbirth rate to neonatal mortality rate with spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression for each location and year, and then used final GBD 2021 assessments of fertility and all-cause neonatal mortality to calculate total stillbirths. Secondary analyses evaluated the number of stillbirths missed with the more restrictive gestational age definition, trends in stillbirths as a function of Socio-demographic Index, and progress in reducing stillbirths relative to neonatal deaths. Findings: In 2021, the global stillbirth rate was 23·0 (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 19·7–27·2) per 1000 births (stillbirths plus livebirths) at 20 weeks gestation or longer, compared to 16·1 (13·9–19·0) per 1000 births at 28 weeks gestation or longer. The global neonatal mortality rate in 2021 was 17·1 (14·8–19·9) per 1000 livebirths, corresponding to 2·19 million (1·90–2·55) neonatal deaths. The estimated number of stillbirths occurring at 20 weeks gestation or longer decreased from 5·08 million (95% UI 4·07–6·35) in 1990 to 3·04 million (2·61–3·62) in 2021, corresponding to a 39·8% (31·8–48·0) reduction, which lagged behind a global improvement in neonatal deaths of 45·6% (36·3–53·1) for the same period (down from 4·03 million [3·86–4·22] neonatal deaths in 1990). Stillbirths in south Asia and sub-Saharan Africa comprised 77·4% (2·35 million of 3·04 million) of the global total, an increase from 60·3% (3·07 million of 5·08 million) in 1990. In 2021, 0·926 million (0·792–1·10) stillbirths, corresponding to 30·5% of the global total (3·04 million), occurred between 20 weeks gestation and 28 weeks gestation, with substantial variation at the country level. Interpretation: Despite the gradual global decline in stillbirths between 1990 and 2021, the overall number of stillbirths remains substantially high. Counting all stillbirths is paramount to progress, as nearly a third—close to 1 million in total—are left uncounted at the 28 weeks or longer threshold. Our findings draw attention to the differential progress in reducing stillbirths, with a high burden concentrated in countries with low development status. Scarce data availability and poor data quality constrain our capacity to precisely account for stillbirths in many locations. Addressing inequities in universal maternal health coverage, strengthening the quality of maternal health care, and improving the robustness of data systems are urgently needed to reduce the global burden of stillbirths. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.

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Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
School of Health Systems and Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
Department of Anesthesiology & Pain Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
Department of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
Department of Clinical Governance and Quality Improvement, Aleta Wondo General Hospital, Aleta Wondo, Ethiopia
Advanced Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Health Information Management, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Neurosicence Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Iranian Research Center for HIV/AIDS (IRCHA), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Neurosurgery, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Students Scientific Research Center (SSRC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Childrens Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Internal Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Master of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Iranian Research Center for HIV/AIDS, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Neurology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Cancer Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Cancer Biology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Epidemiology, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
Tropical Health Department, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
Department of Surgery, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, United States
Department of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
Department of Public Health, Department of Health, Jimma, Ethiopia
Department of Health, Diabetes Research Center, Jimma, Ethiopia
Department of Medicine, University of Setif Algeria, Sétif, Algeria
Department of Health, Sétif, Algeria
National Institute of Epidemiology, Indian Council of Medical Research, Chennai, India
Department of Midwifery, Dilla University, Dilla, Ethiopia
Department of Public Health, Dilla University, Dilla, Ethiopia
Department of Pediatrics and Child Health Nursing, Dilla University, Dilla, Ethiopia
Department of Neurosurgery, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
Laboratory Technology Sciences Department, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
Department of Community Medicine, Babcock University, Ilishan-Remo, Nigeria
Department of Medical Physiology, Babcock University, Ilishan-Remo, Nigeria
Department of Family and Community Health, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
Institute of Health and Allied Sciences, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
Institute of Health Research, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
Philippine Institute for Development Studies, Quezon City, Philippines
Department of Clinical Sciences, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
Department of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
Clinical Sciences Department, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
College of Medicine, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
Sharjah Institute of Medical Sciences, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
Department of Biopharmaceutics and Clinical Pharmacy, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
Institute of Community and Public Health, Birzeit University, Ramallah, Palestine
College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
School of Public Health, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
Department of Reproductive Health, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
School of Medicine, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Department of Public Health, Sydney, NSW, Australia
School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Sydney, NSW, Australia
University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Centre for Social Research in Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
School of Population Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Department of Nursing, Wolaita Sodo University, Woliata, Sodo, Ethiopia
Slum and Rural Health Initiative Research Academy, Slum and Rural Health Initiative, Ibadan, Nigeria
Department of Physiotherapy, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
Faculty of Public Health, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
Department of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
Department of Microbiology, Edo State University Uzairue, Iyamho, Nigeria
Department of Community Health and Epidemiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
Department of Public Health, Federal Ministry of Health, Abuja, Nigeria
Department of Public Health, Universitas Padjadjaran (Padjadjaran University), Bandung, Indonesia
College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hebei University, Baoding, China
Department of Community Medicine, King Edward Memorial Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan
Department of Public Health, Public Health Institute, Lahore, Pakistan
Department of New Initiatives, International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, South Korea
Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies GF Ingrassia, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
Department of Public Health Sciences, Queens University, Kingston, ON, Canada
School of Public Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Department of Medical Biochemistry, Shaqra University, Shaqra, Saudi Arabia
Department of Pharmacology, Shaqra University, Shaqra, Saudi Arabia
School of Medicine and Psychology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
Public Health Foundation of India, Gandhinagar, India
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
Community-Oriented Nursing Midwifery Research Center, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
Department of Community Health, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
Department of Epidemiology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Neurosurgery, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Center for Comprehensive Genetic Services, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Medical Genetics, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Medical Education, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Medical Ethics and Law Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Institute of Endemic Diseases, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
Department of Biosciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
Institute of Public Health, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
Department of Computer Science and Software Engineering, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
Department of Internal Medicine, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, University General Hospital of Patras, Patras, Greece
Division of Public Health Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
Department of Research and Development, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
Department of Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
Clinical Epidemiology Center, US Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), St. Louis, MO, United States
Murdoch Business School, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
Department of Health Information Management and Technology, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
Division of Forensic Medicine, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
Department of Community and Mental Health, Al al-Bayt University, Mafraq, Jordan
Global Health Entrepreneurship, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
Department of Bacteriology, Immunology, and Mycology, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
Global Centre for Environmental Remediation, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
Department of Zoology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, Pakistan
Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Medical Sciences (NUMS), Rawalpindi, Pakistan
Department of Medical Rehabilitation (Physiotherapy), University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, Nigeria
Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
Institute of Health and Wellbeing, Federation University Australia, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
International Centre for Casemix and Clinical Coding, National University of Malaysia, Bandar Tun Razak, Malaysia
Department of Medicine, Nazarbayev University, Astana, Kazakhstan
Department of Parasitology, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Department of Parasitology, Sanaa University, Sanaa, Yemen
Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
Doheny Image Reading and Research Lab (DIRRL), University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
Department of Orthopedics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Department of Pediatrics, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Boston Childrens Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
Department of Pediatric Orthopedic Surgery, Boston Childrens Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
Department of Pediatrics, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
Division of Cardiology, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
Maternal Fetal Care Center, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Human Toxicology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA, United States
School of Graduate Studies, Lingnan University, Hong Kong
Department of Public Health, Salale University, Fitche, Ethiopia
School of Public Health, Xian Jiaotong University, Xian, China
Public Health and Community Medicine Department, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
Quran and Hadith Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Cardiology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
Department of Internal Medicine, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
Department of Legal Medicine and Bioethics, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
Department of General Surgery, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
Department of Statistics and Econometrics, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Bucharest, Romania
School of Nursing and Midwifery, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
The Judith Lumley Centre, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
Centre for Alcohol Policy Research (CAPR), La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
Special Interest Group International Health, Public Health Association of Australia, Canberra, ACT, Australia
Department of Parasitology, Iranshahr University of Medical Sciences, Iranshahr, Iran
Department of Pathology, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Department of Social Sciences, Berekum College of Education, Berekum, Ghana
School of Public Health, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
Faculty of Medicine, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States
Department of Family Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States
University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
College of Art and Science, Ottawa University, Surprise, AZ, United States
School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Adigrat University, Adigrat, Ethiopia
Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Adigrat University, Adigrat, Ethiopia
Institute for Biomedical Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
K.A. Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
Department of Research, Nepal Health Research Council, Kathmandu, Nepal
Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
Department of Public Health, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia
Department of Comprehensive Nursing, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia
Department of Environmental Health, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
Department of Biostatistics, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
School of Public Health, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
University Institute of Radiological Sciences and Medical Imaging Technology, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
Research Centre for Health Sciences (RCHS), The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
Department of Biomedical Science, Madda Walabu University, Bale Robe, Ethiopia
Faculty of Nursing, Philadelphia University, Amman, Jordan
Department of Forensic Medicine, Lumbini Medical College, Palpa, Nepal
Department of Social Welfare, Keimyung University, Daegu, South Korea
Northumbria HealthCare NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
Universidad de San Martin de Porres, Lima, Peru
Health Management and Economics Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Health Information Management, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Preventive Medicine and Public Health Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Minimally Invasive Surgery Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Eye Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Research Center of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Anesthesiology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Center for Technology and Innovation in Cardiovascular Informatics, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Trauma and Injury Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
Department of Sciences, Cooperativa de Ensino Superior Politécnico e Universitário, Gandra, Portugal
School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
ASIDE Healthcare, Lewes, DE, United States
Faculty of Medicine, October 6 University, 6th of October City, Egypt
Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Manipal, India
Department of Pharmaceutical Regulatory Affairs and Management, Manipal, India
Department of Community Medicine, Manipal, India
Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, United States
Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, United States
Gomal Center of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan
Department of Forensic Science, Government Institute of Forensic Science Nagpur, Nagpur, India
Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University, Nagpur, India
Department of Nursing, Saveh University of Medical Sciences, Saveh, Iran
Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Saveh University of Medical Sciences, Saveh, Iran
Orthopedic Institute for Children, Los Angeles, CA, United States
Health Research Institute, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, Australia
School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
Department of Pediatrics, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Urmia, Iran
Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
School of Public Affairs, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
Maternal and Child Health Unit, New Delhi, India
Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
Department of Medicine, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
School of Nursing and Midwifery, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
Department of Hypertension, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
Polish Mothers Memorial Hospital Research Institute, Lodz, Poland
Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
Department of Clinical Research, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
Department of Non-Communicable Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
Medical Statistics Department, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
Department of Human Sciences, University of Greenwich, London, United Kingdom
Department of Forensic Science, Government Institute of Forensic Science, Nagpur, India
Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
Health Information Management, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
Department of Otolaryngology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
Maternal Fetal Medicine Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
Basic Science Laboratory, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
Health Policy Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
Non-communicable Disease Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
Basic Sciences in Infectious Diseases Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
Department of Community Medicine, Sri Manakula Vinayagar Medical College and Hospital, Puducherry, Puducherry, India
Department of Medical Education, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, United States
Department of Social and Behavioral Health, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, United States
School of Dentistry, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
Department of Surgery, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
Department of Midwifery, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
School of Public Health, Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Mumbai, India
Department of Epidemiology, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
Center of Research Excellence in Stillbirth, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
Institue for Social Science Research, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
School of Public Health, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
Health System and Population Studies Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
Department of Epidemiology, Tehran, Iran
NonCommunicable Diseases Research Center (NCDRC), Tehran, Iran
Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Krishna Vishwa Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Karad, India
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines
Department of Epidemiology, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
Department of Pharmaceutical and Administrative Sciences, University of Health Sciences and Pharmacy in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
School of Pharmacy, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
Department of Physiology, Government Institute of Medical Sciences, Greater Noida, India
School of Public Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
Department of Community Medicine and Family Medicine, India
School of Public Health, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
Department of Surgical Oncology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
Global Health Neurology Lab, NSW Brain Clot Bank, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Division of Cerebrovascular Medicine and Neurology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan
Global Health Division, Global Health Research and Medical Interventions for Development, Kathmandu, Nepal
School of Business Administration, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
Department of Epidemiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
Cancer Population Sciences Program, University of Florida Health Cancer Center, Gainesville, FL, United States
Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
School of Pharmacy, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
Department of Family and Community Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Rabigh Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
School of Public Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
Al Shifa School of Public Health, Al Shifa Trust Eye Hospital, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
Department of Family Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
Department of Public Health, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
Center for Nutrition and Health Research, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico
Center for Health Systems Research, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico
Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, La Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
School of Public Health, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
Centre for Suicide Research and Prevention, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
Department of Social Work and Social Administration, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
Carolina Health Informatics Program, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
Department of Community Medicine, Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences, Sawangi, India
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Auburn Hills, MI, United States
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, United States
School of Public Health, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
Department of Epidemiology and Global Health, Umeå University, Umea, Sweden
Heidelberg Institute of Global Health (HIGH), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
Iraq Field Epidemiology Training Program (I-FETP), Ministry of Health, Baghdad, Iraq
Department of Clinical Oncology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Hong Kong
Department of Community Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Wardha, India
The Interdisciplinary Research Group on Biomedicine and Health, Hanoi, Viet Nam
Faculty of Applied Sciences, VNU International School (VNUIS), Hanoi, Viet Nam
Department of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Technologies, Cooperativa de Ensino Superior Politécnico e Universitário, Vila Nova de Famalicão, Portugal
School of Public Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (i3S), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
Research Unit on Applied Molecular Biosciences (UCIBIO), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
Department of Psychosocial Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
Public Health Foundation of India, Gurugram, India
Department of Public Health, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, Indonesia
Department of Information Technology, University of Human Development, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq
Division of Women and Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
Department of Biochemistry, Ministry of Health and Welfare, New Delhi, India
Department of Population and Development, Latin American Faculty of Social Sciences Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
Health Research Institute, Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
The Scientific and Technological Park, Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
Department of Health Policy and Management, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
Department of Psychiatry, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
Department of Nursing, Mizan-Tepi University, Mizan-Aman, Ethiopia
Wellcome Trust Brighton and Sussex Centre for Global Health Research, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, United Kingdom
School of Public Health, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Department of Forensic Medicine, University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, United Kingdom
The Zena and Michael A. Wiener Cardiovascular Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
School of Elderly Care Services and Management, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
Department of Midwifery, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
School of Public Health, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Kasturba Medical College Mangalore, Mangalore, India
School of Medicine, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
Institute of Collective Health, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
Department of Internal Medicine, Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Saúde Pública, Salvador, Brazil
Department of Administration, PGxAI, San Francisco, CA, United States
College of Medicine, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
Department of Conservative Dentistry with Endodontics, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
Higher School of Technology, Sultan Moulay Slimane University, Beni Mellal, Morocco
School of Nursing and Midwifery, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
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Advanced Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Research Center
Research Center for Immunodeficiencies
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Neurosicence Institute
School of Medicine
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Department of Neurosurgery
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Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center
Childrens Medical Center
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National Institute of Epidemiology
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Keck School of Medicine
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Philippine Institute for Development Studies
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Sharjah Institute of Medical Sciences
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University of Sydney
Centre for Social Research in Health
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Slum and Rural Health Initiative Research Academy
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School of Medicine and Psychology
Public Health Foundation of India
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Community-Oriented Nursing Midwifery Research Center
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National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute
Department of Neurosurgery
Social Determinants of Health Research Center
Center for Comprehensive Genetic Services
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Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute
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Division of Public Health Sciences
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Murdoch Business School
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Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University
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Global Health Entrepreneurship
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Global Centre for Environmental Remediation
Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment
Department of Zoology
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Department of Rehabilitation Sciences
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International Centre for Casemix and Clinical Coding
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Wilmer Eye Institute
Department of International Health
Doheny Image Reading and Research Lab (DIRRL)
Department of Orthopedics
College of Medicine
Ministry of Health
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Lerner Research Institute
Department of Pediatric Cardiology
Department of Pediatric Orthopedic Surgery
Department of Pediatrics
Division of Cardiovascular Medicine
Division of Cardiology
Maternal Fetal Care Center
Department of Global Health and Social Medicine
T.H. Chan School of Public Health
Department of Global Health and Population
Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Human Toxicology
Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center
School of Graduate Studies
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School of Public Health
Public Health and Community Medicine Department
Quran and Hadith Research Center
Department of Cardiology
Department of Internal Medicine
Department of Legal Medicine and Bioethics
Department of General Surgery
Department of Statistics and Econometrics
School of Nursing and Midwifery
The Judith Lumley Centre
Centre for Alcohol Policy Research (CAPR)
Special Interest Group International Health
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School of Public Health
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Faculty of Medicine
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Department of Health Metrics Sciences
Department of Family Medicine
University of Washington
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School of Life Sciences
College of Medicine and Health Sciences
Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences
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K.A. Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology
Department of Research
Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases
Department of Public Health
Department of Comprehensive Nursing
Department of Environmental Health
Department of Biostatistics
School of Public Health
Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
University Institute of Radiological Sciences and Medical Imaging Technology
Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology
Research Centre for Health Sciences (RCHS)
Department of Biomedical Science
Faculty of Nursing
Department of Forensic Medicine
Department of Social Welfare
Northumbria HealthCare NHS Foundation Trust
Universidad de San Martin de Porres
Health Management and Economics Research Center
Department of Health Information Management
Preventive Medicine and Public Health Research Center
Minimally Invasive Surgery Research Center
Eye Research Center
Research Center of Pediatric Infectious Diseases
Department of Anesthesiology
Center for Technology and Innovation in Cardiovascular Informatics
Trauma and Injury Research Center
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics
Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine
Department of Sciences
School of Public Health
ASIDE Healthcare
Faculty of Medicine
Kasturba Medical College
Department of Pharmaceutical Regulatory Affairs and Management
Department of Community Medicine
Manipal Academy of Higher Education
Department of Medicine
Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine
Gomal Center of Biochemistry and Biotechnology
Department of Forensic Science
Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University
Department of Nursing
Social Determinants of Health Research Center
Orthopedic Institute for Children
Health Research Institute
School of Medicine
Department of Pediatrics
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics
Department of Environmental Health Engineering
Urmia University of Medical Sciences
School of Public Affairs
Maternal and Child Health Unit
Indian Council of Medical Research
Department of Medicine
School of Nursing and Midwifery
Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology
Department of Hypertension
Polish Mothers Memorial Hospital Research Institute
Infectious Disease Epidemiology
Department of Clinical Research
Department of Non-Communicable Disease Epidemiology
Medical Statistics Department
Department of Human Sciences
Department of Forensic Science
Miller School of Medicine
Health Information Management
Student Research Committee
Department of Otolaryngology
Maternal Fetal Medicine Research Center
Basic Science Laboratory
Health Policy Research Center
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics
Non-communicable Disease Research Center
Basic Sciences in Infectious Diseases Research Center
Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry
Department of Community Medicine
Department of Medical Education
Department of Social and Behavioral Health
School of Dentistry
Department of Surgery
Department of Midwifery
School of Public Health
Department of Epidemiology
College of Nursing and Health Sciences
Jazan University
Center of Research Excellence in Stillbirth
Institue for Social Science Research
School of Public Health
The University of Queensland
Health System and Population Studies Division
Department of Epidemiology
NonCommunicable Diseases Research Center (NCDRC)
Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics
Department of Epidemiology
Department of Pharmaceutical and Administrative Sciences
School of Pharmacy
Department of Physiology
School of Public Health
Department of Anatomy
Department of Community Medicine and Family Medicine
School of Public Health
Department of Pharmacology
Department of Surgical Oncology
Global Health Neurology Lab
Division of Cerebrovascular Medicine and Neurology
Global Health Division
School of Business Administration
Department of Epidemiology
Cancer Population Sciences Program
Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research
School of Pharmacy
Department of Family and Community Medicine
Rabigh Faculty of Medicine
School of Public Health Sciences
Al Shifa School of Public Health
Department of Family Medicine
Department of Public Health
Center for Nutrition and Health Research
Center for Health Systems Research
Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases
Department of Nutrition
Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research
School of Public Health
Centre for Suicide Research and Prevention
Department of Social Work and Social Administration
Carolina Health Informatics Program
Temerty Faculty of Medicine
Department of Community Medicine
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery
School of Public Health
Department of Epidemiology and Global Health
Heidelberg Institute of Global Health (HIGH)
Iraq Field Epidemiology Training Program (I-FETP)
Department of Clinical Oncology
Department of Community Medicine
The Interdisciplinary Research Group on Biomedicine and Health
Faculty of Applied Sciences
Department of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Technologies
School of Public Health
Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (i3S)
Research Unit on Applied Molecular Biosciences (UCIBIO)
Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care
Department of Psychosocial Science
Public Health Foundation of India
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Department of Information Technology
Division of Women and Child Health
Department of Biochemistry
Department of Population and Development
Health Research Institute
The Scientific and Technological Park
Department of Health Policy and Management
Department of Psychiatry
Department of Nursing
Wellcome Trust Brighton and Sussex Centre for Global Health Research
School of Public Health
Department of Forensic Medicine
Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust
The Zena and Michael A. Wiener Cardiovascular Institute
School of Elderly Care Services and Management
Department of Midwifery
School of Public Health
Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology
School of Medicine
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Department of Administration
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