Estimates, trends, and drivers of the global burden of type 2 diabetes attributable to PM2·5 air pollution, 1990–2019: an analysis of data from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019
Burkart K. Causey K. Cohen A.J. Wozniak S.S. Salvi D.D. Abbafati C. Adekanmbi V. Adsuar J.C. Ahmadi K. Alahdab F. Al-Aly Z. Alipour V. Alvis-Guzman N. Amegah A.K. Andrei C.L. Andrei T. Ansari F. Arabloo J. Aremu O. Aripov T. Babaee E. Banach M. Barnett A. Bärnighausen T.W. Bedi N. Behzadifar M. Béjot Y. Bennett D.A. Bensenor I.M. Bernstein R.S. Bhattacharyya K. Bijani A. Biondi A. Bohlouli S. Breitner S. Brenner H. Butt Z.A. Cámera L.A. Cantu-Brito C. Carvalho F. Cerin E. Chattu V.K. Chauhan B.G. Choi J.-Y.J. Chu D.-T. Dai X. Dandona L. Dandona R. Daryani A. Davletov K. De Courten B. Demeke F.M. Denova-Gutiérrez E. Dharmaratne S.D. Dhimal M. Diaz D. Djalalinia S. Duncan B.B. El Sayed Zaki M. Eskandarieh S. Fareed M. Farzadfar F. Fattahi N. Fazlzadeh M. Fernandes E. Filip I. Fischer F. Foigt N.A. Freitas M. Ghashghaee A. Gill P.S. Ginawi I.A. Gopalani S.V. Guo Y. Gupta R.D. Habtewold T.D. Hamadeh R.R. Hamidi S. Hankey G.J. Hasanpoor E. Hassen H.Y. Hay S.I. Heibati B. Hole M.K. Hossain N. Househ M. Irvani S.S.N. Jaafari J. Jakovljevic M. Jha R.P. Jonas J.B. Jozwiak J.J. Kasaeian A. Kaydi N. Khader Y.S. Khafaie M.A. Khan E.A. Khan J. Khan M.N. Khatab K. Khater A.M. Kim Y.J. Kimokoti R.W. Kisa A. Kivimäki M. Knibbs L.D. Kosen S. Koul P.A. Koyanagi A. Defo B.K. Kugbey N. Lauriola P. Lee P.H. Leili M. Lewycka S. Li S. Lim L.-L. Linn S. Liu Y. Lorkowski S. Mahasha P.W. Mahotra N.B. Majeed A. Maleki A. Malekzadeh R. Mamun A.A. Manafi N. Martini S. Meharie B.G. Menezes R.G. Mestrovic T. Miazgowski B. Miazgowski T. Miller T.R. Mini G.K. Mirica A. Mirrakhimov E.M. Mohajer B. Mohammed S. Mohan V. Mokdad A.H. Monasta L. Moraga P. Morrison S.D. Mueller U.O. Mukhopadhyay S. Mustafa G. Muthupandian S. Naik G. Nangia V. Ndwandwe D.E. Negoi R.I. Ningrum D.N.A. Noubiap J.J. Ogbo F.A. Olagunju A.T. Onwujekwe O.E. Ortiz A. Owolabi M.O. Mahesh P.A. Panda-Jonas S. Park E.-K. Kan F.P. Pirsaheb M. Postma M.J. Pourjafar H. Radfar A. Rafiei A. Rahim F. Rahimi-Movaghar V. Rahman M.A. Rai R.K. Ranabhat C.L. Raoofi S. Rawal L. Renzaho A.M.N. Rezapour A. Ribeiro D. Roever L. Ronfani L. Sabour S. Saddik B. Sadeghi E. Moghaddam S.S. Sahebkar A. Sahraian M.A. Salimzadeh H. Salvi S.S. Samy A.M. Sanabria J. Sarmiento-Suárez R. Sathish T. Schmidt M.I. Schutte A.E. Sepanlou S.G. Shaikh M.A. Sharafi K. Sheikh A. Shigematsu M. Shiri R. Shirkoohi R. Shuval K. Soyiri I.N. Tabarés-Seisdedos R. Tefera Y.M. Tehrani-Banihashemi A. Temsah M.-H. Thankappan K.R. Topor-Madry R. Car L.T. Ullah I. Vacante M. Valdez P.R. Vasankari T.J. Violante F.S. Waheed Y. Wolfe C.D.A. Yamada T. Yonemoto N. Yu C. Zaman S.B. Zhang Y. Zodpey S. Lim S.S. Stanaway J.D. Brauer M.
July 2022Elsevier B.V.
The Lancet Planetary Health
2022#6Issue 7e586 - e600 pp.
Background: Experimental and epidemiological studies indicate an association between exposure to particulate matter (PM) air pollution and increased risk of type 2 diabetes. In view of the high and increasing prevalence of diabetes, we aimed to quantify the burden of type 2 diabetes attributable to PM2·5 originating from ambient and household air pollution. Methods: We systematically compiled all relevant cohort and case-control studies assessing the effect of exposure to household and ambient fine particulate matter (PM2·5) air pollution on type 2 diabetes incidence and mortality. We derived an exposure–response curve from the extracted relative risk estimates using the MR-BRT (meta-regression—Bayesian, regularised, trimmed) tool. The estimated curve was linked to ambient and household PM2·5 exposures from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2019, and estimates of the attributable burden (population attributable fractions and rates per 100 000 population of deaths and disability-adjusted life-years) for 204 countries from 1990 to 2019 were calculated. We also assessed the role of changes in exposure, population size, age, and type 2 diabetes incidence in the observed trend in PM2·5-attributable type 2 diabetes burden. All estimates are presented with 95% uncertainty intervals. Findings: In 2019, approximately a fifth of the global burden of type 2 diabetes was attributable to PM2·5 exposure, with an estimated 3·78 (95% uncertainty interval 2·68–4·83) deaths per 100 000 population and 167 (117–223) disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) per 100 000 population. Approximately 13·4% (9·49–17·5) of deaths and 13·6% (9·73–17·9) of DALYs due to type 2 diabetes were contributed by ambient PM2·5, and 6·50% (4·22–9·53) of deaths and 5·92% (3·81–8·64) of DALYs by household air pollution. High burdens, in terms of numbers as well as rates, were estimated in Asia, sub-Saharan Africa, and South America. Since 1990, the attributable burden has increased by 50%, driven largely by population growth and ageing. Globally, the impact of reductions in household air pollution was largely offset by increased ambient PM2·5. Interpretation: Air pollution is a major risk factor for diabetes. We estimated that about a fifth of the global burden of type 2 diabetes is attributable PM2·5 pollution. Air pollution mitigation therefore might have an essential role in reducing the global disease burden resulting from type 2 diabetes. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
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Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
Research, Insights, and Innovation, Seattle, WA, United States
Health Effects Institute, Boston, MA, United States
School of Public Health, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
Department of Juridical and Economic Studies, La Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
Department of Population Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
Sport Science Department, University of Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain
School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
Mayo Evidence-based Practice Center, Mayo Clinic Foundation for Medical Education and Research, Rochester, MN, United States
John T. Milliken Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
Clinical Epidemiology Center, US Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), St Louis, MO, United States
Health Management and Economics Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Health Economics, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Preventive Medicine and Public Health Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Pars Advanced and Minimally Invasive Medical Manners Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Community and Family Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Research Group in Hospital Management and Health Policies, Universidad de la Costa (University of the Coast), Barranquilla, Colombia
Research Group in Health Economics, University of Cartagena, Cartagena, Colombia
Department of Biomedical Science, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
Cardiology Department, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
Department of Statistics and Econometrics, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Bucharest, Romania
Research Center for Evidence Based Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education, and Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, Iran
Department of Public Health, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, United Kingdom
Public Health and Healthcare Management, Tashkent Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
Boston Childrens Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
Department of Hypertension, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
Polish Mothers Memorial Hospital Research Institute, Lodz, Poland
Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
Heidelberg Institute of Global Health (HIGH), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
Division of General Internal Medicine, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
School of Public Health, Dr. D. Y. Patil University, Mumbai, India
Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Dijon, Dijon, France
Dijon Stroke Registry - UFR Sciences Santé, University of Burgundy, Dijon, France
Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
Department of Internal Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
Hubert Department of Global Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
Butte County Department of Public Health, Chico, CA, United States
Department of Statistical and Computational Genomics, National Institute of Biomedical Genomics, Kalyani, India
Department of Statistics, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India
Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
Department of General Surgery and Medical-Surgical Specialties, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
Department of Veterinary Medicine, Islamic Azad University, Kermanshah, Iran
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Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
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Department of Neurology, Salvador Zubiran National Institute of Medical Sciences and Nutrition, Mexico City, Mexico
Research Unit on Applied Molecular Biosciences (UCIBIO), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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School of Public Health, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
Department of Community Medicine, Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences, Sawangi, India
Saveetha Medical College, Saveetha University, Chennai, India
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Department of Population Studies, Mumbai, India
International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India
Division of Biomedical Informatics, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
Center for Biomedicine and Community Health, VNU-International School, Hanoi, Viet Nam
Indian Institute of Public Health, Gurugram, India
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Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
Department of Health Metric Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
Institute for Health Metric and Evaluations, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
Department of Immunology, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
Molecular and Cell Biology Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
Health Research Institute, Al Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
The School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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College of Science and Engineering, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar
Tabriz, Iran
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Department of Community Medicine, Dr Baba Saheb Ambedkar Medical College & Hospital, Delhi, India
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Department of Ophthalmology, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
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Environmental Health Department, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
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Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Health Services Academy, Islamabad, Pakistan
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Faculty of Health and Wellbeing, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, United Kingdom
College of Arts and Sciences, Ohio University, Zanesville, OH, United States
National Hepatology and Tropical Medicine Research Institute, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xiamen University Malaysia, Sepang, Malaysia
Department of Nutrition, Simmons University, Boston, MA, United States
School of Health Sciences, Kristiania University College, Oslo, Norway
Department of Global Community Health and Behavioral Sciences, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, United States
Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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School of Public Health, The University of Queensland, Herston, QLD, Australia
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Department of Demography, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
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University of Environment and Sustainable Development, Somanya, Ghana
International Society Doctors for the Environment, Arezzo, Italy
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Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (NutriCARD), Jena, Germany
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Department of Clinical Physiology, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal
Environmental Health Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
Non-communicable Disease Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
Institute for Social Science Research, The University of Queensland, Indooroopilly, QLD, Australia
Doheny Eye Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Airlangga (Airlangga University), Surabaya, Indonesia
Indonesian Public Health Association, Surabaya, Indonesia
Department of Pharmacy, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia
Department of Environmental Health, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia
Forensic Medicine Division, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
Clinical Microbiology and Parasitology Unit, Dr. Zora Profozic Polyclinic, Zagreb, Croatia
University Centre Varazdin, University North, Varazdin, Croatia
Center for Innovation in Medical Education, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
Department of Propedeutics of Internal Diseases & Arterial Hypertension, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
Pacific Institute for Research & Evaluation, Calverton, MD, United States
School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
Global Institute of Public Health, Ananthapuri Hospitals and Research Institute, Trivandrum, India
Womens Social and Health Studies Foundation, Trivandrum, India
Internal Medicine Programme, Kyrgyz State Medical Academy, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
Department of Atherosclerosis and Coronary Heart Disease, National Center of Cardiology and Internal Disease, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
Health Systems and Policy Research Unit, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
Department of Health Care Management, Technical University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
Department of Diabetology, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, India
Department of Diabeteology, Dr. Mohans Diabetes Specialities Centre, Chennai, India
Clinical Epidemiology and Public Health Research Unit, Burlo Garofolo Institute for Maternal and Child Health, Trieste, Italy
Computer, Electrical, and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
Federal Institute for Population Research, Wiesbaden, Germany
Center for Population and Health, Wiesbaden, Germany
Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Institute of Post-Graduate Medical Education and Research, Seth Sukhlal Karnani Memorial Hospital, Kolkata, India
Department of Pediatric Medicine, The Childrens Hospital, The Institute of Child Health, Multan, Pakistan
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Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Chennai, India
Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
Suraj Eye Institute, Nagpur, India
Cardio-Aid, Bucharest, Romania
Public Health Department, Universitas Negeri Semarang (State University of Semarang), Kota Semarang, Indonesia
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Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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Privatpraxis, Heidelberg, Germany
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Society for Health and Demographic Surveillance, Suri, India
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Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Translational Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW, Australia
Faculty of Agrarian Sciences and Environment, University of the Azores, Angra do Heroísmo, Portugal
Department of Clinical Research, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
Department of Epidemiology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
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National School of Public Health, Carlos III Health Institute, Madrid, Spain
School of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Karachi, Pakistan
Centre for Medical Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland
The Cooper Institute, Dallas, TX, United States
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Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Central University of Kerala, Kasaragod, India
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Agency for Health Technology Assessment and Tariff System, Warsaw, Poland
Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
Department of Life Sciences, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan
Pakistan Council for Science and Technology, Ministry of Science and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
Velez Sarsfield Hospital, Buenos Aires, Argentina
UKK Institute, Tampere, Finland
Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
Occupational Health Unit, SantOrsola Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy
Foundation University Medical College, Foundation University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan
School of Population Health and Environmental Sciences, Kings College London, London, United Kingdom
NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Guys and St. Thomas Hospital and Kings College London, London, United Kingdom
Department of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
Population Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation
Department of Health Metrics Sciences
Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
Research
Health Effects Institute
School of Public Health
Department of Juridical and Economic Studies
Department of Population Medicine
Sport Science Department
School of Public Health
Department of Primary Care and Public Health
Mayo Evidence-based Practice Center
John T. Milliken Department of Internal Medicine
Clinical Epidemiology Center
Health Management and Economics Research Center
Department of Health Economics
Preventive Medicine and Public Health Research Center
Pars Advanced and Minimally Invasive Medical Manners Research Center
Department of Community and Family Medicine
Research Group in Hospital Management and Health Policies
Research Group in Health Economics
Department of Biomedical Science
Cardiology Department
Department of Anatomy and Embryology
Department of Statistics and Econometrics
Research Center for Evidence Based Medicine
Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute
Department of Public Health
Public Health and Healthcare Management
Boston Childrens Hospital
Department of Hypertension
Polish Mothers Memorial Hospital Research Institute
Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research
Heidelberg Institute of Global Health (HIGH)
T.H. Chan School of Public Health
Division of General Internal Medicine
School of Public Health
Jazan University
Social Determinants of Health Research Center
Department of Neurology
Dijon Stroke Registry - UFR Sciences Santé
Nuffield Department of Population Health
Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health
Department of Internal Medicine
Hubert Department of Global Health
Butte County Department of Public Health
Department of Statistical and Computational Genomics
Department of Statistics
Social Determinants of Health Research Center
Department of General Surgery and Medical-Surgical Specialties
Department of Veterinary Medicine
Institute for Medical Information Processing
Institute of Epidemiology
Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research
School of Public Health and Health Systems
Al Shifa School of Public Health
Internal Medicine Department
Board of Directors
Argentine Society of Medicine
Department of Neurology
Research Unit on Applied Molecular Biosciences (UCIBIO)
Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry (LAQV)
School of Public Health
Department of Community Medicine
Saveetha Medical College
Population Research Centre
Department of Population Studies
International Institute for Population Sciences
Division of Biomedical Informatics
Center for Biomedicine and Community Health
Indian Institute of Public Health
Public Health Foundation of India
Indian Council of Medical Research
Department of Health Metric Sciences
Institute for Health Metric and Evaluations
Toxoplasmosis Research Center
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Health Research Institute
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School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine
Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences
Center for Nutrition and Health Research
Department of Community Medicine
Health Research Section
Center of Complexity Sciences
Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics
Development of Research and Technology Center
Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology
Reference Laboratory of Egyptian Universities-Cairo
Multiple Sclerosis Research Center
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Hematology
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Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center
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College of Medicine
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Psychiatry Department
School of Health Sciences
Institute of Public Health
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School of Public Health
Warwick Medical School
Family Medicine Research Center
Hudson College of Public Health
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Centre for Non-communicable Diseases and Nutrition
Department of Quantitative Economics
Department of Family and Community Medicine
School of Health and Environmental Studies
Medical School
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Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences
Department of Primary and Interdisciplinary Care
Department of Public Health
Center for Environmental and Respiratory Health Research
Department of Pediatrics
Department of Pharmacology
College of Science and Engineering
Tabriz
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Department of Community Medicine
Department of Community Medicine
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Environmental Health Department
Social Determinants of Health Research Center
Department of Public Health
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Department of Population Science
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College of Arts and Sciences
National Hepatology and Tropical Medicine Research Institute
School of Traditional Chinese Medicine
Department of Nutrition
School of Health Sciences
Department of Global Community Health and Behavioral Sciences
Department of Epidemiology and Public Health
Department of Public Health
School of Public Health
Jakarta
Department of Internal and Pulmonary Medicine
Biomedical Research Networking Center for Mental Health Network (CIBERSAM)
Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA)
Department of Demography
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University of Environment and Sustainable Development
International Society Doctors for the Environment
Department of Health Sciences
Department of Environmental Health Engineering
Oxford University Clinical Research Unit
Department of Medicine
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School of Public Health
Guangdong Provincial Peoples Hospital
Guangdong Provincial Peoples Hospital
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Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (NutriCARD)
Grants
Cochrane South Africa
Department of Clinical Physiology
Environmental Health Research Center
Non-communicable Disease Research Center
Institute for Social Science Research
Doheny Eye Institute
Faculty of Public Health
Indonesian Public Health Association
Department of Pharmacy
Department of Environmental Health
Forensic Medicine Division
Clinical Microbiology and Parasitology Unit
University Centre Varazdin
Center for Innovation in Medical Education
Department of Propedeutics of Internal Diseases & Arterial Hypertension
Pacific Institute for Research & Evaluation
School of Public Health
Global Institute of Public Health
Womens Social and Health Studies Foundation
Internal Medicine Programme
Department of Atherosclerosis and Coronary Heart Disease
Health Systems and Policy Research Unit
Department of Health Care Management
Department of Diabetology
Department of Diabeteology
Clinical Epidemiology and Public Health Research Unit
Computer
Federal Institute for Population Research
Center for Population and Health
Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism
Department of Pediatric Medicine
Department of Pediatrics & Pediatric Pulmonology
Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology
Saveetha Dental College
Comprehensive Cancer Center
Suraj Eye Institute
Cardio-Aid
Public Health Department
Graduate Institute of Biomedical Informatics
Centre for Heart Rhythm Disorders
School of Public Health
Translational Health Research Institute
Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences
Department of Psychiatry
Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics
Department of Medicine
Department of Nephrology and Hypertension
Department of Medicine
Department of Medicine
Department of Respiratory Medicine
Privatpraxis
Department of Medical Humanities and Social Medicine
University Medical Center Groningen
School of Economics and Business
Dietary Supplements and Probiotic Research Center
College of Medicine
School of Nursing and Healthcare Professions
School of Nursing and Midwifery
Society for Health and Demographic Surveillance
Department of Economics
Research Department
Health and Public Policy Department
Iran University of Medical Sciences
School of Health
School of Medicine
Translational Health Research Institute
Faculty of Agrarian Sciences and Environment
Department of Clinical Research
Department of Epidemiology
Sharjah Institute for Medical Research
Applied Biomedical Research Center
Biotechnology Research Center
Clinical Research Division
Department of Entomology
Department of Surgery
Department of Nutrition and Preventive Medicine
Department of Health and Society
National School of Public Health
School of Public Health and Community Medicine
The George Institute for Global Health
Karachi
Centre for Medical Informatics
National Institute of Infectious Diseases
Finnish Institute of Occupational Health
The Cooper Institute
Hull York Medical School
Department of Medicine
Carlos III Health Institute
Pediatric Intensive Care Unit
Department of Public Health and Community Medicine
Institute of Public Health
Agency for Health Technology Assessment and Tariff System
Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine
Department of Life Sciences
Pakistan Council for Science and Technology
Velez Sarsfield Hospital
UKK Institute
Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology
Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences
Occupational Health Unit
Foundation University Medical College
School of Population Health and Environmental Sciences
NIHR Biomedical Research Centre
Department of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases
Department of Neuropsychopharmacology
Department of Public Health
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics
Maternal and Child Health Division
School of Public Health
Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control
School of Population and Public Health
Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health
Population Health Research Institute
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