Population-level risks of alcohol consumption by amount, geography, age, sex, and year: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2020

Bryazka D. Reitsma M.B. Griswold M.G. Abate K.H. Abbafati C. Abbasi-Kangevari M. Abbasi-Kangevari Z. Abdoli A. Abdollahi M. Abdullah A.Y.Md. Abhilash E.S. Abu-Gharbieh E. Acuna J.M. Addolorato G. Adebayo O.M. Adekanmbi V. Adhikari K. Adhikari S. Adnani Q.E.S. Afzal S. Agegnehu W.Y. Aggarwal M. Ahinkorah B.O. Ahmad A.R. Ahmad S. Ahmad T. Ahmadi A. Ahmadi S. Ahmed H. Ahmed Rashid T. Akunna C.J. Al Hamad H. Alam Md.Z. Alem D.T. Alene K.A. Alimohamadi Y. Alizadeh A. Allel K. Alonso J. Alvand S. Alvis-Guzman N. Amare F. Ameyaw E.K. Amiri S. Ancuceanu R. Anderson J.A. Andrei C.L. Andrei T. Arabloo J. Arshad M. Artamonov A.A. Aryan Z. Asaad M. Asemahagn M.A. Astell-Burt T. Athari S.S. Atnafu D.D. Atorkey P. Atreya A. Ausloos F. Ausloos M. Ayano G. Ayanore M.A. Ayinde O.O. Ayuso-Mateos J.L. Azadnajafabad S. Azanaw M.M. Azangou-Khyavy M. Azari Jafari A. Azzam A.Y. Badiye A.D. Bagheri N. Bagherieh S. Bairwa M. Bakkannavar S.M. Bakshi R.K. Bilchut A.H.B. Bärnighausen T.W. Barra F. Barrow A. Baskaran P. Belo L. Bennett D.A. Bensenor I.M. Bhagavathula A.S. Bhala N. Bhalla A. Bhardwaj N. Bhardwaj P. Bhaskar S. Bhattacharyya K. Bhojaraja V.S. Bintoro B.S. Blokhina E.A. Bodicha B.B.A. Boloor A. Bosetti C. Braithwaite D. Brenner H. Briko N.I. Brunoni A.R. Butt Z.A. Cao C. Cao Y. Cárdenas R. Carvalho A.F. Carvalho M. Castaldelli-Maia J.M. Castelpietra G. Castro-De-Araujo L.F.S. Cattaruzza M.S. Chakraborty P.A. Charan J. Chattu V.K. Chaurasia A. Cherbuin N. Chu D.-T. Chudal N. Chung S.-C. Churko C. Ciobanu L.G. Cirillo M. Claro R.M. Costanzo S. Cowden R.G. Criqui M.H. Cruz-Martins N. Culbreth G.T. Dachew B.A. Dadras O. Dai X. Damiani G. Dandona L. Dandona R. Daniel B.D. Danielewicz A. Darega Gela J. Davletov K. de Araujo J.A.P. De Sá A.R., Junior Debela S.A. Dehghan A. Demetriades A.K. Derbew Molla M. Desai R. Desta A.A. Dias da Silva D. Diaz D. Digesa L.E. Diress M. Dodangeh M. Dongarwar D. Dorostkar F. Dsouza H.L. Duko B. Duncan B.B. Edvardsson K. Ekholuenetale M. Elgar F.J. 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Yonemoto N. Yu C. Zadey S. Zahir M. Zare I. Zastrozhin M.S. Zastrozhina A. Zhang Z.-Z. Zhong C. Zmaili M. Zuniga Y.M.H. Gakidou E.
16 July 2022 Elsevier B.V.

The Lancet
2022 #400 Issue 10347 185 - 235 pp.

Background: The health risks associated with moderate alcohol consumption continue to be debated. Small amounts of alcohol might lower the risk of some health outcomes but increase the risk of others, suggesting that the overall risk depends, in part, on background disease rates, which vary by region, age, sex, and year. Methods: For this analysis, we constructed burden-weighted dose–response relative risk curves across 22 health outcomes to estimate the theoretical minimum risk exposure level (TMREL) and non-drinker equivalence (NDE), the consumption level at which the health risk is equivalent to that of a non-drinker, using disease rates from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2020 for 21 regions, including 204 countries and territories, by 5-year age group, sex, and year for individuals aged 15–95 years and older from 1990 to 2020. Based on the NDE, we quantified the population consuming harmful amounts of alcohol. Findings: The burden-weighted relative risk curves for alcohol use varied by region and age. Among individuals aged 15–39 years in 2020, the TMREL varied between 0 (95% uncertainty interval 0–0) and 0·603 (0·400–1·00) standard drinks per day, and the NDE varied between 0·002 (0–0) and 1·75 (0·698–4·30) standard drinks per day. Among individuals aged 40 years and older, the burden-weighted relative risk curve was J-shaped for all regions, with a 2020 TMREL that ranged from 0·114 (0–0·403) to 1·87 (0·500–3·30) standard drinks per day and an NDE that ranged between 0·193 (0–0·900) and 6·94 (3·40–8·30) standard drinks per day. Among individuals consuming harmful amounts of alcohol in 2020, 59·1% (54·3–65·4) were aged 15–39 years and 76·9% (73·0–81·3) were male. Interpretation: There is strong evidence to support recommendations on alcohol consumption varying by age and location. Stronger interventions, particularly those tailored towards younger individuals, are needed to reduce the substantial global health loss attributable to alcohol. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.

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Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
Division of Cardiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
Social and Economic Welfare Unit, RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, CA, United States
Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
Department of Juridical and Economic Studies, La Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, La Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Epidemiology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Pharmacology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Obesity Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Functional Neurosurgery Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Health & Community Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Student Research Committee, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Medical Ethics and Law Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center (NCDRC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
The Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (TIPS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
School of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Liver and Pancreatobiliary Diseases Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Multiple Sclerosis Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Pathology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Psychiatry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Students’ Scientific Research Center (SSRC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Tehran Heart Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Iranian Research Center for HIV/AIDS, Iranian Institute for Reduction of High Risk Behaviors, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Cancer Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Cancer Biology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Zoonoses Research Center, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran
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School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
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Clinical Sciences Department, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
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Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
FIU Robert Stempel College of Public Health & Social Work, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States
Department of Epidemiology, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States
Department of Internal Medicine, Catholic University of Rome, Rome, Italy
College of Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
Psychiatry Department, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
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University College Hospital, Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
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Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
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Gastroenterology Department, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
School of Business, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
School of Indigenous Studies, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
Medical School, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
Department of Health Policy Planning and Management, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
Institute of Health Research, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
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Department of Health Economics, Centre for Health Policy Advocacy Innovation & Research in Africa (CHPAIR-Africa), Accra, Ghana
Department of Psychiatry, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (Autonomous University of Madrid), Madrid, Spain
Biomedical Research Networking Center for Mental Health Network (CiberSAM), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
National School of Public Health, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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School of Medicine, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
Faculty of Medicine, October 6 University, 6th October City, Egypt
Department of Forensic Science, Government Institute of Forensic Science, Nagpur, India
Research School of Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
Health Research Institute, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, Australia
School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non-Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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Centre for Community Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
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Division of Reproductive Biology Maternal, Child Health & Nutrition (RBMCH&N), Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
Department of Public Health, Debre Berhan University, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia
Department of Psychiatry, Debre Berhan University, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia
Heidelberg Institute of Global Health (HIGH), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
Academic Unit of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
University Eye Clinic, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
Department of Public & Environmental Health, University of The Gambia, Brikama, Gambia
Epidemiology and Disease Control Unit, Ministry of Health, Kotu, Gambia
Department of Community Medicine and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
School of Public Health, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
Department of Surgical Oncology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
Biological Sciences Department, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
Research Unit on Applied Molecular Biosciences (UCIBIO), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
Department of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
Laboratory of Toxicology, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry (LAQV), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
Department of Chemistry, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
Department of Internal Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
Department of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
Department of Social and Clinical Pharmacy, Charles University, Hradec Kralova, Czech Republic
Institute of Public Health, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
Family Medicine Department, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
Institutes of Applied Health Research and Translational Medicine, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
Department of Internal Medicine, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
Neurovascular Imaging Laboratory, NSW Brain Clot Bank, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Department of Neurology and Neurophysiology, South West Sydney Local Heath District and Liverpool Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Department of Statistical and Computational Genomics, National Institute of Biomedical Genomics, Kalyani, India
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Department of Anatomy, Royal College of Surgeons, Ireland Medical University of Bahrain, Busaiteen, Bahrain
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Valdman Institute of Pharmacology, First Pavlov Medical University of St. Petersburg, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation
Biomedical Sciences Department, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
School of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
Department of Comprehensive Nursing, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
Health Informatics Department, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
Department of Midwifery, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
School of Nursing, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
Department of Internal Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India
Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Kasturba Medical College Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India
Department of Community Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India
Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India
Department of Oncology, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Milan, Italy
Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Milan, Italy
Department of Epidemiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
Cancer Population Sciences Program, University of Florida Health Cancer Center, Gainesville, FL, United States
Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
Department of Epidemiology and Evidence-Based Medicine, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation
Institute for Leadership and Health Management, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation
Al Shifa School of Public Health, Al Shifa Trust Eye Hospital, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
Program in Physical Therapy, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
Department of Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis, Saint Louis, MO, United States
Department of Health Care, Metropolitan Autonomous University, Mexico City, Mexico
IMPACT Strategic Research Center (the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation), Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
Faculty of Health Sciences, University Fernando Pessoa, Porto, Portugal
Department of Medicine, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
Department of Mental Health, Healthcare Agency “Friuli Occidentale”, Pordenone, Italy
Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
School of Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
Department of Pediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
Department of Community Medicine, Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences, Sawangi, India
Saveetha Medical College, Saveetha University, Chennai, India
Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, King George’s Medical University, Lucknow, India
Center for Biomedicine and Community Health, VNU-International School, Hanoi, Viet Nam
Department of Medical Science, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
Health Data Research UK, London, United Kingdom
Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
Department of Public Health, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
Department of Maternal and Child Nursing and Public Health, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
Department of Psychology, University of the Free State, Park West, South Africa
Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
Health sciences, Institute of Research and Advanced Training in Health Sciences and Technologies (CESPU), Famalicão, Portugal
Department of Epidemiology, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
Department of Biochemistry, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
Department of Surgical Nursing, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
Department of Human Physiology, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
Department of Clinical Midwifery, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
School of Midwifery, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
School of Public Health, Walailak University, Thai Buri, Thailand
Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi (Galeazzi Orthopedic Institute IRCCS), University of Milan, Milan, Italy
Department of Dermatology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
Department of Research, Gurugram, India
Public Health Foundation of India, Gurugram, India
Department of Human Nutrition, Uniwersytet Warmińsko-Mazurski w Olsztynie (University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn), Olsztyn, Poland
Department of Public Health, Ambo University, Ambo, Ethiopia
Health Research Institute, Al Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
Department of Psychiatry, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
Department of Psychiatry, Centro de Estudos Clínica APICE, Salvador, Brazil
Department of Medical Clinic, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
School of Public Health, Salale University, Fiche, Ethiopia
Department of Epidemiology and Community Medicine, Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center (NCDRC), Fasa, Iran
Department of Neurosurgery, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
Global Health Governance Programme, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
Neurosurgery Department, National Health Service (NHS) Scotland, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
Division of Cardiology, Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, GA, United States
Center of Complexity Sciences, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, Autonomous University of Sinaloa, Culiacán Rosales, Mexico
Center of Excellence in Health Equity, Training and Research, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Kasturba Medical College Mangalore, Mangalore, India
School of Public Health, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia
Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
College of Science, Health and Engineering, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
Faculty of Public Health, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
Department of Health Promotion and Education, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
School of Population and Global Health, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
Faculty of Medicine, University of Tripoli, Tripoli, Libya
Egypt Center for Research and Regenerative Medicine (ECRRM), Cairo, Egypt
Public Health Department, St. Paul’s Hospital Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Population and Behavioural Sciences Division, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, United Kingdom
The Laboratory of Experimental Medicine, Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
Department of Literature and Humanities, Islamic Azad University, Kermanshah, Iran
Dissemination Division, National Institute of Statistics, Lisbon, Portugal
Activity Planning and Control Unit, Directorate-General of Health (DGS), Lisbon, Portugal
Department of Psychology, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Brazil
Torrens University Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
Institute of Resource Governance and Social Change, Kupang, Indonesia
National Institute for Stroke and Applied Neurosciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
Research Center of Neurology, Moscow, Russian Federation
School of Population Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
School of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
School of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia
Department of Environmental Health, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia
Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia
College of Medicine and Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Department of Public Health Nutrition, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia
Psychiatry Department, Kaiser Permanente, Fontana, CA, United States
School of Health Sciences, A.T. Still University, Mesa, AZ, United States
Institute of Public Health, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin (Charité Medical University Berlin), Berlin, Germany
Department of Family Medicine and Primary Care, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
School of Public Health, Medical, and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Douglas, QLD, Australia
Health Services Management Training Centre, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
Faculty of Health and Public Administration, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
Department of Applied Social Sciences, Sapientia Hungarian University of Transylvania, Târgu-Mureş, Romania
Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
Neurorehabilitation and Robotics Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
Department of Occupational Therapy, Mahatma Gandhi Occupational Therapy College, Jaipur, India
Department of Radiology, King Edward Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, India
Department of Reproductive & Family Health, Aksum University, Axum, Ethiopia
Medical Biochemistry Department, Madda Walabu University, Goba, Ethiopia
Anatomy Department, Madda Walabu University, Goba, Ethiopia
Department of Biomedical Science, Madda Walabu University, Goba, Ethiopia
Department of Public Health, Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia
School of Psychology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
School of Nursing, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Arba Minch University, Arbaminch, Ethiopia
Department of Addiction Studies, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
Department of Medical Surgical Nursing, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
Anesthesiology and Critical Care Department, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
Mount Auburn Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, United States
Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
E-Learning Center, Faculty of Health, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
Biotechnology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
School of Public Health, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester

Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation
Department of Health Metrics Sciences
Division of Cardiology
Department of Global Health
Social and Economic Welfare Unit
Department of Nutrition and Dietetics
Department of Juridical and Economic Studies
Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases
Social Determinants of Health Research Center
Department of Epidemiology
School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine
Department of Pharmacology
Obesity Research Center
Functional Neurosurgery Research Center
Department of Health & Community Medicine
School of Medicine
Student Research Committee
Medical Ethics and Law Research Center
Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center (NCDRC)
The Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (TIPS)
School of Pharmacy
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics
Liver and Pancreatobiliary Diseases Research Center
Multiple Sclerosis Research Center
Department of Pathology
School of Medicine
Digestive Diseases Research Institute
Department of Psychiatry
Students’ Scientific Research Center (SSRC)
Tehran Heart Center
Faculty of Medicine
Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center
Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Institute
Iranian Research Center for HIV/AIDS
Cancer Research Center
Cancer Biology Research Center
Department of Pharmacology
Zoonoses Research Center
Department of Public Health
School of Planning
School of Public Health and Health Systems
Department of Botany
Clinical Sciences Department
College of Medicine
Mass Communication Department
Sharjah Institute for Medical Research
Department of Epidemiology and Population Health
FIU Robert Stempel College of Public Health & Social Work
Department of Epidemiology
Department of Internal Medicine
College of Medicine
Psychiatry Department
Department of Medicine
University College Hospital
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology
The Office of Health Policy & Legislative Affairs
School of Public Health
Public Health Section
Biodesign Center for Environmental Health Engineering
Faculty of Medicine
Department of Community Medicine
Department of Public Health
Public Health Department
Department of Internal Medicine
Department of Cardiovascular Medicine
Heart and Vascular Institute
The Australian Centre for Public and Population Health Research (ACPPHR)
College of Nursing
Department of International Relations & Diplomacy
Department of Health and Biological Sciences
Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics
Community-Oriented Nursing Midwifery Research Center
Medical Plants Research Center
Department of Health in Disasters and Emergencies
Department of Biosciences
Department of Computer Science and Engineering
Department of Public Health
Department of Public Health
Geriatric and Long Term Care Department
Rumailah Hospital
Department of Population Sciences
Department of Nursing
Faculty of Health Sciences
School of Public Health
Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases
Pars Advanced and Minimally Invasive Medical Manners Research Center
Health Management and Economics Research Center
School of Medicine
Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences
Preventive Medicine and Public Health Research Center
Minimally Invasive Surgery Research Center
The Five Senses Health Institute
Trauma and Injury Research Center
Department of Epidemiology
Iran University of Medical Sciences
Department of Pharmacognosy
Department of Disease Control
Department of Non-Communicable Disease Epidemiology
Institute for Global Health
Department of Health Informatics
Department of Epidemiology and Public Health
Institute of Cardiovascular Science
Research Program of Epidemiology and Public Health
Department of Experimental and Health Sciences
Research Group in Hospital Management and Health Policies
Research Group in Health Economics
School of Pharmacy
School of Public Health
Department of Psychiatry
Behavioral Sciences Research Center
Pharmacy Department
Cardiology Department
Internal Medicine Department
Department of Legal Medicine and Bioethics
Department of General Surgery
Department of Anatomy and Embryology
Department of Statistics and Econometrics
Center of Biotechnology and Microbiology
Department of Biophysics
Brigham and Women’s Hospital
T.H. Chan School of Public Health
Department of Plastic Surgery
School of Public Health
Department of Health System and Health Economics
Department of Psychiatry
Department of Nursing
School of Health and Society
Menzies Centre for Health Policy
Chapter of Addiction Medicine
Sydney Medical School
Save Sight Institute
NHMRC Clinical Trials Centre
Department of Public Health
Department of Immunology
School of Medicine and Public Health
Hunter New England Population Health
Department of Forensic Medicine
Gastroenterology Department
School of Business
School of Indigenous Studies
Medical School
Department of Health Policy Planning and Management
Institute of Health Research
Department of Population and Behavioural Sciences
Department of Health Economics
Department of Psychiatry
Biomedical Research Networking Center for Mental Health Network (CiberSAM)
National School of Public Health
Department of Public Health
Department of Midwifery
School of Medicine
Faculty of Medicine
Department of Forensic Science
Research School of Population Health
Health Research Institute
School of Medicine
Department of Environmental Health Engineering
Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non-Communicable Disease
Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology
Centre for Community Medicine
Department of Preventive Oncology
Department of Psychiatry
Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology
Kasturba Medical College
Department of Community Medicine
Division of Reproductive Biology Maternal
Indian Council of Medical Research
Department of Public Health
Department of Psychiatry
Heidelberg Institute of Global Health (HIGH)
Academic Unit of Obstetrics and Gynecology
Department of Neurosciences
University Eye Clinic
Department of Public & Environmental Health
Epidemiology and Disease Control Unit
Department of Community Medicine and Family Medicine
Department of Anatomy
School of Public Health
Department of Pharmacology
Department of Surgical Oncology
Biological Sciences Department
Research Unit on Applied Molecular Biosciences (UCIBIO)
Department of Medicine
Laboratory of Toxicology
Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry (LAQV)
Department of Chemistry
Nuffield Department of Population Health
Department of Internal Medicine
Department of Psychiatry
Department of Social and Clinical Pharmacy
Institute of Public Health
College of Medicine and Health Sciences
Family Medicine Department
Institutes of Applied Health Research and Translational Medicine
Institute of Applied Health Research
Department of Internal Medicine
Neurovascular Imaging Laboratory
Department of Neurology and Neurophysiology
Department of Statistical and Computational Genomics
Department of Statistics
Department of Anatomy
Department of Biochemistry
Department of Health Behaviour
Center of Health and Behavior and Promotion
Valdman Institute of Pharmacology
Biomedical Sciences Department
School of Public Health
College of Medicine and Health Sciences
Department of Comprehensive Nursing
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics
Health Informatics Department
Department of Midwifery
School of Nursing
Department of Internal Medicine
Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology
Department of Community Medicine
Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology
Department of Oncology
Department of Environmental Health Sciences
Department of Epidemiology
Cancer Population Sciences Program
Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research
Department of Epidemiology and Evidence-Based Medicine
Institute for Leadership and Health Management
Al Shifa School of Public Health
Program in Physical Therapy
Department of Surgery
Department of Health Care
IMPACT Strategic Research Center (the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation)
School of Medicine
Faculty of Health Sciences
Department of Medicine
Department of Mental Health
Department of Psychiatry
School of Health Sciences
Department of Pediatrics
School of Population and Public Health
Department of Community Medicine
Saveetha Medical College
Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology
Center for Biomedicine and Community Health
Department of Medical Science
Health Data Research UK
Adelaide Medical School
School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences
Department of Public Health
Department of Nutrition
Department of Maternal and Child Nursing and Public Health
Department of Epidemiology and Prevention
Department of Psychology
Department of Family Medicine and Public Health
Health sciences
Department of Epidemiology
Department of Biochemistry
Department of Surgical Nursing
Department of Human Physiology
Department of Clinical Midwifery
School of Midwifery
School of Public Health
Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care
IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi (Galeazzi Orthopedic Institute IRCCS)
Department of Dermatology
Department of Research
Public Health Foundation of India
Department of Human Nutrition
Department of Public Health
Health Research Institute
Department of Psychiatry
Department of Psychiatry
Department of Medical Clinic
Department of Physical Education
School of Public Health
Department of Epidemiology and Community Medicine
Department of Neurosurgery
Global Health Governance Programme
Neurosurgery Department
Division of Cardiology
Center of Complexity Sciences
Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics
Center of Excellence in Health Equity
Forensic Medicine and Toxicology
School of Public Health
Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology
College of Science
Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics
Faculty of Public Health
Department of Health Promotion and Education
School of Population and Global Health
Faculty of Medicine
Egypt Center for Research and Regenerative Medicine (ECRRM)
Public Health Department
Population and Behavioural Sciences Division
The Laboratory of Experimental Medicine
Department of Literature and Humanities
Dissemination Division
Activity Planning and Control Unit
Department of Psychology
Torrens University Australia
Institute of Resource Governance and Social Change
National Institute for Stroke and Applied Neurosciences
Research Center of Neurology
School of Population Health
School of Medicine
School of Public Health and Community Medicine
National Institute of Environmental Health
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics
Department of Environmental Health
Department of Anatomy
College of Medicine and Health Sciences
Psychiatry Department
School of Health Sciences
Institute of Public Health
Department of Family Medicine and Primary Care
School of Public Health
Health Services Management Training Centre
Faculty of Health and Public Administration
Department of Applied Social Sciences
Gillings School of Global Public Health
Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences
Neurorehabilitation and Robotics Laboratory
Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care
Department of Occupational Therapy
Department of Radiology
Department of Reproductive & Family Health
Medical Biochemistry Department
Anatomy Department
Department of Biomedical Science
Department of Public Health
School of Psychology
School of Nursing
Department of Addiction Studies
Department of Medical Surgical Nursing
Social Determinants of Health Research Center
Anesthesiology and Critical Care Department
Mount Auburn Hospital
Department of Epidemiology and Population Health
E-Learning Center
Applied Biomedical Research Center
Biotechnology Research Center
Social Determinants of Health Research Center
School of Public Health
Department of Radiology

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