Forecasting the effects of smoking prevalence scenarios on years of life lost and life expectancy from 2022 to 2050: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021
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Zhong C.C. Zhou S.C. Zhu B. Zielińska M. Zoghi G. Zyoud S.H. Vollset S.E. Gakidou E.
October 2024Elsevier Ltd
The Lancet Public Health
2024#9Issue 10e729 - e744 pp.
Background: Smoking is the leading behavioural risk factor for mortality globally, accounting for more than 175 million deaths and nearly 4·30 billion years of life lost (YLLs) from 1990 to 2021. The pace of decline in smoking prevalence has slowed in recent years for many countries, and although strategies have recently been proposed to achieve tobacco-free generations, none have been implemented to date. Assessing what could happen if current trends in smoking prevalence persist, and what could happen if additional smoking prevalence reductions occur, is important for communicating the effect of potential smoking policies. Methods: In this analysis, we use the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluations Future Health Scenarios platform to forecast the effects of three smoking prevalence scenarios on all-cause and cause-specific YLLs and life expectancy at birth until 2050. YLLs were computed for each scenario using the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021 reference life table and forecasts of cause-specific mortality under each scenario. The reference scenario forecasts what could occur if past smoking prevalence and other risk factor trends continue, the Tobacco Smoking Elimination as of 2023 (Elimination-2023) scenario quantifies the maximum potential future health benefits from assuming zero percent smoking prevalence from 2023 onwards, whereas the Tobacco Smoking Elimination by 2050 (Elimination-2050) scenario provides estimates for countries considering policies to steadily reduce smoking prevalence to 5%. Together, these scenarios underscore the magnitude of health benefits that could be reached by 2050 if countries take decisive action to eliminate smoking. The 95% uncertainty interval (UI) of estimates is based on the 2·5th and 97·5th percentile of draws that were carried through the multistage computational framework. Findings: Global age-standardised smoking prevalence was estimated to be 28·5% (95% UI 27·9–29·1) among males and 5·96% (5·76–6·21) among females in 2022. In the reference scenario, smoking prevalence declined by 25·9% (25·2–26·6) among males, and 30·0% (26·1–32·1) among females from 2022 to 2050. Under this scenario, we forecast a cumulative 29·3 billion (95% UI 26·8–32·4) overall YLLs among males and 22·2 billion (20·1–24·6) YLLs among females over this period. Life expectancy at birth under this scenario would increase from 73·6 years (95% UI 72·8–74·4) in 2022 to 78·3 years (75·9–80·3) in 2050. Under our Elimination-2023 scenario, we forecast 2·04 billion (95% UI 1·90–2·21) fewer cumulative YLLs by 2050 compared with the reference scenario, and life expectancy at birth would increase to 77·6 years (95% UI 75·1–79·6) among males and 81·0 years (78·5–83·1) among females. Under our Elimination-2050 scenario, we forecast 735 million (675–808) and 141 million (131–154) cumulative YLLs would be avoided among males and females, respectively. Life expectancy in 2050 would increase to 77·1 years (95% UI 74·6–79·0) among males and 80·8 years (78·3–82·9) among females. Interpretation: Existing tobacco policies must be maintained if smoking prevalence is to continue to decline as forecast by the reference scenario. In addition, substantial smoking-attributable burden can be avoided by accelerating the pace of smoking elimination. Implementation of new tobacco control policies are crucial in avoiding additional smoking-attributable burden in the coming decades and to ensure that the gains won over the past three decades are not lost. Funding: Bloomberg Philanthropies and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
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Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
Department of Clinical Governance and Quality Improvement, Aleta Wondo General Hospital, Aleta Wondo, Ethiopia
College of Pharmacy, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
Department of Mathematics and Sciences, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
Minimally Invasive Surgery Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Medicine, University of Setif Algeria, Sétif, Algeria
Department of Health, Sétif, Algeria
National Institute of Epidemiology, Indian Council of Medical Research, Chennai, India
Postgraduate Department, University of Sierra Sur, Miahuatlan de Porfirio Diaz, Mexico
Yhteiskuntadatatieteen keskus (Centre for Social Data Science), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
Department of Botany, Sree Narayana Guru College Chelannur, Kozhikode, India
Department of Internal Medicine, Federal Medical Centre, Abuja, Nigeria
Department of Community Medicine, Babcock University, Ilishan-Remo, Nigeria
Department of Family and Community Health, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
Department of Pediatric Dentistry of the School of Dentistry, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
Department of Anesthesiology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Nursing, Al Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Sokoto, Nigeria
Nigerian Institute of Medical Research, Lagos, Nigeria
Institute of Community and Public Health, Birzeit University, Ramallah, Palestine
Department of Therapeutics, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
College of Pharmacy, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
College of Graduate Health Sciences, University of Tennessee, Memphis, TN, United States
College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
Department of Community Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
Department of Community Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, NT, Australia
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
Department of Educational Counselling and Developmental Psychology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
Department of Educational Psychology, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
Department of Public Health, Universitas Padjadjaran (Padjadjaran University), Bandung, Indonesia
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
Department of Internal Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Technical Services Directorate, MSI Nigeria Reproductive Choices, Abuja, Nigeria
Department of Life Sciences, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan
Department of Community Medicine, King Edward Memorial Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan
Department of Public Health, Public Health Institute, Lahore, Pakistan
Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies “GF Ingrassia”, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
Department of Geography and Planning, Queens University, Kingston, ON, Canada
School of Public Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
Department of Medical Biochemistry, Shaqra University, Shaqra, Saudi Arabia
School of Medicine and Psychology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
Public Health Foundation of India, Gandhinagar, India
Clinical Department, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
Department of Health and Biological Sciences, Abasyn University, Peshawar, Pakistan
Department of Natural Sciences, Lebanese American University, Beirut, Lebanon
Department of Medical Oncology, Miami Cancer Institute, Miami, FL, United States
Department of Community Medicine and Preventive Health, King Edward Medical University Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
Department of Epidemiology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Maternal and Child Health Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
Department of Womens and Childrens Health, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
Institute of Endemic Diseases, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
Department of Biosciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
Department of Epidemiology, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
Department of Biochemistry, Jamia Hamdard, Delhi, India
National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Cardiology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
Department of Communicable Diseases, Ministry of Health, Muscat, Oman
Middle East, Eurasia, and Africa Influenza Stakeholders Network, Muscat, Oman
Division of Public Health Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
School of Medicine, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, United States
Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
Department of Research and Development, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
Clinical Epidemiology Center, US Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), St Louis, MO, United States
Murdoch Business School, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
School of Health and Environmental Studies, Hamdan Bin Mohammed Smart University, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, United States
Department of Bacteriology, Immunology, and Mycology, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
Global Centre for Environmental Remediation, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
Department of Cardiac Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
College of Nursing, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
Department of Health Services and Hospital Administration, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Health Economics Research Group, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Department of Zoology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, Pakistan
Department of Medical Rehabilitation (Physiotherapy), University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, Nigeria
Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
Center for Biotechnology and Microbiology, University of Swat, Swat, Pakistan
Department of Geography, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
Institute of Health and Wellbeing, Federation University Australia, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
International Centre for Casemix and Clinical Coding, National University of Malaysia, Bandar Tun Razak, Malaysia
Bordeaux School of Public Health, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
Department of Global Public Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
Department of Cardiology, Heart, Vascular, and Thoracic Institute, Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
College of Medicine and Health Sciences Academic Programs, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
Department of Dentistry, Sanaa University, Sanaa, Yemen
Independent Consultant, Irbid, Jordan
College of Dental Medicine, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
Department of Rehabilitation Sciences and Physical Therapy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
Department of Respiratory Care, Prince Sultan Military College of Health Sciences, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
Department of Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry, Taibah University, Medinah, Saudi Arabia
Department of Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry, Ibb University, Ibb, Yemen
Department of Community Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Macro-Fiscal Policy Department, Ministry of Finance, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
Internal Medicine Department, University of Missouri, Kansas, MO, United States
Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Lukes Mid America Heart Institute, Kansas, MO, United States
Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Department of Basic Sciences, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan
Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
Research Group in Health Economics, Universidad de Cartagena (University of Cartagena), Cartagena, Colombia
Research Group in Hospital Management and Health Policies, Universidad de la Costa (University of the Coast), Barranquilla, Colombia
Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
Department of Medical Sciences, Azal University for Human Development, Sanaa, Yemen
Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of Fujairah, Fujairah, United Arab Emirates
Department of Pediatrics, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Boston Childrens Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
Department of Pediatrics, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
Department of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmacotherapeutics, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
Department of Biomedical Engineering, German Jordanian University, Amman, Jordan
Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Human Toxicology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
Health Policy Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
Public Health and Community Medicine Department, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
Quran and Hadith Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Population and Behavioural Sciences, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
School of Government, Ateneo De Manila University, Quezon City, Philippines
Research for Impact, Singapore, Singapore
Department of Medicine, University of Jos, Jos, Nigeria
Department of Internal Medicine, Jos University Teaching Hospital, Jos, Nigeria
Clinical Studies & Trials Unit, Indian Council of Medical Research, Delhi, India
Centre for Sensorimotor Performance, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
Neurology Department, Royal Brisbane and Womens Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Department of Cardiology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
Department of Statistics and Econometrics, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Bucharest, Romania
School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Semenyih, Malaysia
Department of Microbiology, University of Medical Sciences, Ondo, Ondo, Nigeria
Regenerative Medicine, Organ Procurement and Transplantation Multi-disciplinary Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
Department of Surgery, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
Rural Health Research Institute, Charles Sturt University, Orange, NSW, Australia
Health Management and Economics Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Clinical Sciences, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
College of Art and Science, Ottawa University, Surprise, AZ, United States
School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Adigrat University, Adigrat, Ethiopia
Department of Public Health, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, United Kingdom
Institute for Biomedical Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
Department of Environmental Health, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
Cabrini Research, Cabrini Health, Malvern, VIC, Australia
School of Public Health and Preventative Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
Department of Public Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
Department of Public Health, Wachemo University, Hossana, Ethiopia
University Institute of Radiological Sciences and Medical Imaging Technology, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
School of Architecture, Design, and Planning, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Department of Immunology, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
Australian College of Applied Professions, Australian College of Applied Professions, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Department of Forensic Medicine, Lumbini Medical College, Palpa, Nepal
Northumbria HealthCare NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
Department of Physiotherapy, Bayero University Kano, Kano, Nigeria
School of Nursing and Public Health, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
School of Indigenous Studies, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
Institute of Public Health, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
Department of Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
Montefiore-Einstein Cerebrovascular Research Lab, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
Faculty of Medicine, October 6 University, 6th of October City, Egypt
Department of Population Medicine, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
Department of Biostatistics, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
School of Public Affairs, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
Division of Biological Sciences, Tamil Nadu State Council for Science and Technology, Chennai, India
Department of Medicine, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
Department of Hypertension, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
Polish Mothers Memorial Hospital Research Institute, Lodz, Poland
Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, NA, Oxford, United Kingdom
Department of Neurosurgery, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
Vocational School of Technical Sciences, Batman University, Batman
Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
School of Psychology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
Department of Public and Environmental Health, University of The Gambia, Banjul
Department of Epidemiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
Department of Animal Sciences, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Center for Primary Care, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
Department of Academics, Indian Institute of Public Health, Gurgaon, India
Department of Medical Education, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, United States
Health Human Resources Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center (NCDRC), Tehran, Iran
School of the Environment, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
School of Health Policy and Management, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
Research Unit on Applied Molecular Biosciences (UCIBIO), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
Department of Internal Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, United States
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines
Department of Epidemiology, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
Metabolomics Laboratory, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
Department of Microbiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Department of Forensic Chemistry, Government Institute of Forensic Science, Aurangabad, Aurangabad, India
Department of Public Health, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, United States
Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
Department of Community Medicine and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
School of Public Health, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
Global Health Neurology Lab, NSW Brain Clot Bank, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Division of Cerebrovascular Medicine and Neurology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan
Department of General Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India
Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
Department of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, United Kingdom
Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India
Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, United States
Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, United States
Department of Neurology, Institute of Post-Graduate Medical Education and Research and Seth Sukhlal Karnani Memorial Hospital, Kolkata, India
Department of Community Medicine and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Deoghar, India
SAMRC/Wits Centre for Health Economics and Decision Science - PRICELESS SA, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
SAMRC Centre for Health Economics and Decision Science, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
Department of Health Promotion and Behavioural Science, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
General Directorate of Health Information Systems, Ministry of Health, Ankara
Internal Medicine Department, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Disease Surveillance Department, Ghana Health Service, Ho, Ghana
Department of Medicine, University Ferhat Abbas of Setif, Setif, Algeria
Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, University Hospital Saadna Abdenour, Setif, Algeria
School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
General Medicine Service, Department of Veterans Affairs, Seattle, WA, United States
Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
Department of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
School of Pharmacy, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
Department of Basic Biomedical Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
School of Public Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
Al Shifa School of Public Health, Al Shifa Trust Eye Hospital, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
Harvard Business School, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Craiova, Romania, Romania
Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
Department of Ophthalmology, Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing, China
Department of Health Management (Direzione Sanitaria), IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
Interdisciplinary Research Center for Health Science, SantAnna School of Advanced Studies, Pisa, Italy
Department of Health Care, Metropolitan Autonomous University, Mexico City, Mexico
Institute for Cancer Research, Prevention and Clinical Network, Florence, Italy
Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, La Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
Department of Psychiatry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
Department of Medical, Surgical, and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
Public Health Unit, University Health Agency Giuliano-Isontina (ASUGI), Trieste, Italy
Institute of Clinical Physiology, Italian National Council of Research, Pisa, Italy
State Disease Investigation Laboratory, Animal Resources Development Department, Agartala, India
Department of Clinical Nutrition, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
Department of Community Medicine, Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences, Sawangi, India
Department of Biology, Al-Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Oral Medicine and Radiology, King Georges Medical University, Lucknow, India
Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
Department of Computer Science, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
Department of Stomatology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Development and Regeneration, Wuhan, China
Clinical Research Center, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
Heidelberg Institute of Global Health (HIGH), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
Center for Healthy Aging, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
Social Sciences Division, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, United States
Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
Department of Scientific Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Concord Institute of Academic Surgery, Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Concord Clinical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Department of Public Health, Administration, and Social Sciences, Cayetano Heredia University, Lima, Peru
Iraq Field Epidemiology Training Program (I-FETP), Ministry of Health, Baghdad, Iraq
Department of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
RIPAS Hospital, University of Brunei Darussalam, BSB
The Nethersole School of Nursing, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
Centre for Research Impact & Outcome, Chitkara University, Rajpura, India
Department of Community Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Wardha, India
Center for Biomedicine and Community Health, International School, Vietnam National University Hanoi (VNUIS), Hanoi, Viet Nam
Department of Paediatric Surgery, Federal Medical Centre, Umuahia, Nigeria
Department of Health Informatics, University College London, London, United Kingdom
Health Data Research UK, London, United Kingdom
School of Nursing and Midwifery, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Nova Medical School, Nova University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Nicolae Testemitanu State University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Chisinau, Moldova
Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
Department of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Technologies, Cooperativa de Ensino Superior Politécnico e Universitário (Polytechnic and University Higher Education Cooperative), Vila Nova de Famalicão, Portugal
Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (i3S), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
School of Nursing, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
Iranian Research Center for HIV/AIDS (IRCHA), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Paediatrics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
School of Clinical Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi (Galeazzi Orthopedic Institute IRCCS), University of Milan, Milan, Italy
Department of Dermatology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
Public Health Foundation of India, Gurugram, India
Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
Department of Public Health, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
Environmental Health, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
Department of Biochemistry, Ministry of Health and Welfare, New Delhi, India
Clinical Sciences Department, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
Health Research Institute, Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
Department of Health Policy and Management, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
Medical College, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, United States
School of Public Health and Social Work, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
Department of Research, Gujarat Adani Institute of Medical Sciences and G.K. General Hospital, Bhuj, India
JSS Medical College Department of Biochemistry, Jagadguru Sri Shivarathreeswara University, Mysuru, India
Department of Pharmacy, United International University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
Pharmacology Division, Center for Life Sciences Research Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, United Kingdom
Research and Development Cell, Dr. D. Y. Patil University, Pune, India
The Zena and Michael A. Wiener Cardiovascular Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
Department of Medicine, Pham Ngoc Thach University of Medicine, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
Institute of Health Research, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
Department of Epidemiology, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
Health Science Center, University of Texas, Houston, TX, United States
Cardio-Thoraco-Vascular Department, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Giuliano Isontina, Trieste, Italy
Independent Consultant, South Plainfield, NJ, United States
Department of Cardiology, Hackettstown Medical Center, Hackettstown, NJ, United States
Newton Medical Center, Sparta, NJ, United States
Department of Medicine, Bangalore Medical College and Research Institute, Bangalore, India
Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Kasturba Medical College Mangalore, Mangalore, India
Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences (FHML), Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
School of Medicine, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
Department of Internal Medicine, Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Saúde Pública (Bahiana School of Medicine and Public Health), Salvador, Brazil
Department of Conservative Dentistry with Endodontics, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
Cardiovascular Department, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Behavioral and Community Health, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
School of Nursing and Midwifery, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
School of Nursing and Midwifery, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
Advanced Nursing Department, Universitas Airlangga (Airlangga University), Surabaya, Indonesia
Research Center for Public Health and Nutrition, National Research and Innovation Agency Republic of Indonesia (BRIN), Jakarta, Indonesia
Iran University of Medical Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Faculty of Science and Health, University of Portsmouth, Hampshire, United Kingdom
Almoosa College of Health Sciences, Al Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta city, Egypt
School of Public Health, Texila American University, Guyana, Guyana
Biomedical Informatics and Medical Statistics Department, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
Institute of Public Health, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
Faculty of Medicine, University of Tripoli, Tripoli
Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, United States
Department of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
Egypt Center for Research and Regenerative Medicine (ECRRM), Cairo, Egypt
Department of Neuropsy
Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation
Department of Clinical Governance and Quality Improvement
College of Pharmacy
Department of Mathematics and Sciences
Minimally Invasive Surgery Research Center
Department of Medicine
Department of Health
National Institute of Epidemiology
Postgraduate Department
Yhteiskuntadatatieteen keskus (Centre for Social Data Science)
Department of Botany
Department of Internal Medicine
Department of Community Medicine
Department of Family and Community Health
Department of Pediatric Dentistry of the School of Dentistry
Department of Anesthesiology
Department of Nursing
Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology
Nigerian Institute of Medical Research
Institute of Community and Public Health
Department of Therapeutics
College of Pharmacy
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine
College of Graduate Health Sciences
College of Medicine and Health Sciences
Department of Community Medicine
Department of Community Medicine
Menzies School of Health Research
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology
Department of Educational Counselling and Developmental Psychology
Department of Educational Psychology
Department of Public Health
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics
Department of Internal Medicine
Technical Services Directorate
Department of Life Sciences
Department of Community Medicine
Department of Public Health
Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies “GF Ingrassia”
Department of Geography and Planning
School of Public Health
Department of Applied Mathematics
Department of Medical Biochemistry
School of Medicine and Psychology
Public Health Foundation of India
Clinical Department
Department of Health and Biological Sciences
Department of Natural Sciences
Department of Medical Oncology
Department of Community Medicine and Preventive Health
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics
Department of Epidemiology
Maternal and Child Health Division
Department of Womens and Childrens Health
Institute of Endemic Diseases
Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute
Department of Biosciences
Department of Epidemiology
College of Medicine and Public Health
Department of Biochemistry
National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute
Department of Cardiology
Department of Communicable Diseases
Middle East
Division of Public Health Sciences
School of Medicine
Department of Epidemiology
Department of Research and Development
Clinical Epidemiology Center
Murdoch Business School
School of Health and Environmental Studies
Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology
Department of Bacteriology
Global Centre for Environmental Remediation
Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment
Department of Cardiac Sciences
College of Nursing
Department of Health Services and Hospital Administration
Health Economics Research Group
Department of Zoology
Department of Medical Rehabilitation (Physiotherapy)
Department of Rehabilitation Sciences
Department of Biosciences
Center for Biotechnology and Microbiology
Department of Geography
Institute of Health and Wellbeing
School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine
Department of Public Health and Community Medicine
International Centre for Casemix and Clinical Coding
Bordeaux School of Public Health
Department of Global Public Health
Department of Cardiology
College of Medicine and Health Sciences Academic Programs
Department of Dentistry
Independent Consultant
College of Dental Medicine
Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Sciences
Department of Rehabilitation Sciences and Physical Therapy
Department of Respiratory Care
Department of Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry
Department of Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry
Department of Community Medicine
Macro-Fiscal Policy Department
Internal Medicine Department
Department of Internal Medicine
Department of Family and Community Medicine
Department of Basic Sciences
Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology
Research Group in Health Economics
Research Group in Hospital Management and Health Policies
Department of Rehabilitation Sciences
Department of Medical Sciences
Department of Clinical Sciences
Department of Pediatrics
Department of Pediatric Cardiology
Department of Pediatrics
Faculty of Medicine
Department of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmacotherapeutics
Department of Clinical Pharmacy
Department of Biomedical Engineering
Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Human Toxicology
Health Policy Research Center
Public Health and Community Medicine Department
Quran and Hadith Research Center
Department of Population and Behavioural Sciences
School of Government
Research for Impact
Department of Medicine
Department of Internal Medicine
Clinical Studies & Trials Unit
Centre for Sensorimotor Performance
Neurology Department
Faculty of Medicine and Health
Department of Cardiology
Department of Statistics and Econometrics
School of Pharmacy
Department of Microbiology
Regenerative Medicine
Department of Surgery
Rural Health Research Institute
Health Management and Economics Research Center
Department of Clinical Sciences
Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology
Department of Health Metrics Sciences
College of Art and Science
School of Life Sciences
College of Medicine and Health Sciences
Department of Public Health
Institute for Biomedical Problems
Department of Environmental Health
Cabrini Research
School of Public Health and Preventative Medicine
Department of Public Health
Department of Public Health
University Institute of Radiological Sciences and Medical Imaging Technology
School of Architecture
Department of Immunology
School of Medicine and Public Health
Australian College of Applied Professions
Department of Forensic Medicine
Northumbria HealthCare NHS Foundation Trust
Department of Physiotherapy
School of Nursing and Public Health
School of Indigenous Studies
School of Public Health
Institute of Public Health
Department of Surgery
Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine
Montefiore-Einstein Cerebrovascular Research Lab
Faculty of Medicine
Department of Population Medicine
Department of Biostatistics
School of Medicine
School of Public Affairs
Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology
Division of Biological Sciences
Department of Medicine
Department of Hypertension
Polish Mothers Memorial Hospital Research Institute
Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences
Department of Neurosurgery
Vocational School of Technical Sciences
Miller School of Medicine
School of Psychology
Department of Public and Environmental Health
Department of Epidemiology
Department of Animal Sciences
Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry
Non-communicable Diseases Research Center
School of Medicine
Center for Primary Care
School of Public Health
Department of Academics
Department of Medical Education
Health Human Resources Research Center
School of Medicine
Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center (NCDRC)
School of the Environment
School of Health Policy and Management
Faculty of Pharmacy
Research Unit on Applied Molecular Biosciences (UCIBIO)
College of Medicine
Nuffield Department of Population Health
Department of Internal Medicine
School of Medicine
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics
Department of Epidemiology
Metabolomics Laboratory
Department of Microbiology
Department of Forensic Chemistry
Department of Public Health
Institute of Applied Health Research
Institute of Applied Health Research
Department of Anatomy
Department of Community Medicine and Family Medicine
School of Public Health
Global Health Neurology Lab
Division of Cerebrovascular Medicine and Neurology
Department of General Medicine
Newcastle University
Department of Clinical Medicine
Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine
Department of Radiology
Neurovascular Research Laboratory
Department of Neurology
Department of Community Medicine and Family Medicine
SAMRC/Wits Centre for Health Economics and Decision Science - PRICELESS SA
SAMRC Centre for Health Economics and Decision Science
Department of Health Promotion and Behavioural Science
General Directorate of Health Information Systems
Internal Medicine Department
Disease Surveillance Department
Department of Medicine
Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine
School of Medicine
General Medicine Service
Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research
Department of Psychiatry
Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences
Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute
School of Pharmacy
Department of Basic Biomedical Sciences
School of Public Health Sciences
Al Shifa School of Public Health
Harvard Business School
Department of Clinical Pharmacy
Dana-Farber Cancer Institute
Department of Ophthalmology
Department of Health Management (Direzione Sanitaria)
Interdisciplinary Research Center for Health Science
Department of Health Care
Institute for Cancer Research
Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases
Department of Psychiatry
Department of Medical
Public Health Unit
Institute of Clinical Physiology
State Disease Investigation Laboratory
Department of Clinical Nutrition
Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine
Temerty Faculty of Medicine
Department of Community Medicine
Department of Biology
Oral Medicine and Radiology
Fuwai Hospital
Department of Computer Science
Department of Stomatology
Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Development and Regeneration
Clinical Research Center
University of Michigan
Heidelberg Institute of Global Health (HIGH)
Center for Healthy Aging
Social Sciences Division
Division of Cardiovascular Medicine
Department of Scientific Research
Concord Institute of Academic Surgery
Concord Clinical School
Department of Public Health
Iraq Field Epidemiology Training Program (I-FETP)
Department of Medicine
RIPAS Hospital
The Nethersole School of Nursing
Centre for Research Impact & Outcome
Department of Community Medicine
Center for Biomedicine and Community Health
Department of Paediatric Surgery
Department of Health Informatics
Health Data Research UK
School of Nursing and Midwifery
Nova Medical School
Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology
Department of Family Medicine and Public Health
Department of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Technologies
Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (i3S)
School of Nursing
Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care
Iranian Research Center for HIV/AIDS (IRCHA)
Department of Paediatrics
School of Clinical Medicine
IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi (Galeazzi Orthopedic Institute IRCCS)
Department of Dermatology
Public Health Foundation of India
Indian Council of Medical Research
Department of Public Health
Environmental Health
Department of Biochemistry
Clinical Sciences Department
Health Research Institute
Department of Health Policy and Management
Medical College
School of Public Health and Social Work
Department of Research
JSS Medical College Department of Biochemistry
Department of Pharmacy
Pharmacology Division
Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust
Research and Development Cell
The Zena and Michael A. Wiener Cardiovascular Institute
Department of Medicine
Institute of Health Research
Department of Epidemiology
Health Science Center
Cardio-Thoraco-Vascular Department
Independent Consultant
Department of Cardiology
Newton Medical Center
Department of Medicine
Manipal Academy of Higher Education
Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology
Faculty of Health
Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology
School of Medicine
Department of Internal Medicine
Department of Conservative Dentistry with Endodontics
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery
Cardiovascular Department
Department of Behavioral and Community Health
School of Nursing and Midwifery
School of Nursing and Midwifery
Advanced Nursing Department
Research Center for Public Health and Nutrition
Iran University of Medical Sciences
Faculty of Science and Health
Almoosa College of Health Sciences
Department of Public Health and Community Medicine
School of Public Health
Biomedical Informatics and Medical Statistics Department
Institute of Public Health
Faculty of Medicine
Houston Methodist Hospital
Department of Basic Medical Sciences
Egypt Center for Research and Regenerative Medicine (ECRRM)
Department of Neuropsy
10 лет помогаем публиковать статьи Международный издатель
Книга Публикация научной статьи Волощук 2026 Book Publication of a scientific article 2026