Patterns of genetic differentiation imply distinct phylogeographic history of the mosquito species Anopheles messeae and Anopheles daciae in Eurasia

Brusentsov I.I. Gordeev M.I. Yurchenko A.A. Karagodin D.A. Moskaev A.V. Hodge J.M. Burlak V.A. Artemov G.N. Sibataev A.K. Becker N. Sharakhov I.V. Baricheva E.M. Sharakhova M.V.
October 2023 John Wiley and Sons Inc

Molecular Ecology
2023 #32 Issue 20 5609 - 5625 pp.

Detailed knowledge of phylogeography is important for control of mosquito species involved in the transmission of human infectious diseases. Anopheles messeae is a geographically widespread and genetically diverse dominant vector of malaria in Eurasia. A closely related species, An. daciae, was originally distinguished from An. messeae based on five nucleotide substitutions in its ribosomal DNA (rDNA). However, the patterns of phylogeographic history of these species in Eurasia remain poorly understood. Here, using internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) of rDNA and karyotyping for the species identification we determined the composition of five Anopheles species in 28 locations in Eurasia. Based on the frequencies of 11 polymorphic chromosomal inversions used as genetic markers, a large-scale population genetics analysis was performed of 1932 mosquitoes identified as An. messeae, An. daciae and their hybrids. The largest genetic differences between the species were detected in the X sex chromosome suggesting a potential involvement of this chromosome in speciation. The frequencies of autosomal inversions in the same locations differed by 13%–45% between the species demonstrating a restricted gene flow between the species. Overall, An. messeae was identified as a diverse species with a more complex population structure than An. daciae. The clinal gradients in frequencies of chromosomal inversions were determined in both species implicating their possible involvement in climate adaptations. The frequencies of hybrids were low ~1% in northern Europe but high up to 50% in south-eastern populations. Thus, our study revealed critical differences in patterns of phylogeographic history between An. messeae and An. daciae in Eurasia. This knowledge will help to predict the potential of the malaria transmission in the northern territories of the continent.

Anopheles , clinal gradient , inversion polymorphism , mosquito , population genetics , population structure

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Department of Entomology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University and Fralin Life Sciences Institute, Blacksburg, VA, United States
Laboratory of Cell Differentiation Mechanisms, Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
State University of Education, Mytischi, Russian Federation
Laboratory of Ecology, Genetics, and Environmental Protection, Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russian Federation
Department of General Biology and Genomics, L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan
Department of Agricultural Biology, Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russian Federation
Center for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
German Mosquito Control Association, Speyer, Germany

Department of Entomology
Laboratory of Cell Differentiation Mechanisms
State University of Education
Laboratory of Ecology
Department of General Biology and Genomics
Department of Agricultural Biology
Center for Organismal Studies
German Mosquito Control Association

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