The Escalating Threat of Heatwaves in Central Asia: Climate Change Impacts and Public Health Risks

Broomandi P. Bagheri M. Fard A.M. Hadei M. Abdoli M. Roshani A. Fathian A. Shafiei S. Leuchner M. Kumar P. Kim J.R.
December 2025 John Wiley and Sons Inc

Global Challenges
2025 #9 Issue 12

Extreme temperature events, particularly heatwaves, are intensifying due to climate change and urbanization, posing major public health challenges in Central Asia (CA), where research is limited. Despite the rising frequency and severity of heat extremes, long-term assessments of their health impacts are scarce. This study addresses this gap by analyzing historical and future heatwave trends and associated health risks using multi-ensemble climate models across 700 locations from 1959 to 2100. Bias correction improved GCMs, reducing bias and RMSE by 24% and 14%, respectively. Under SSP2–4.5, projected heatwave magnitudes (HWM) shift from 26 to 31 °C, consistent with historical moderate to severe events. Under SSP5–8.5, HWM increases to 29–36 °C. Turkmenistan is expected to experience ultra-extreme heatwaves in the far future, a pattern not seen in other CA countries. Under SSP2–4.5, Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan show the highest rises in heatwave-related mortality rates, with slopes of 5.432 and 3.021 in the near future, declining to 1.377 and 1.102 in the far future. SSP5–8.5 shows similar but higher estimates, highlighting escalating public health risks. Findings emphasize the urgent need for region-specific climate policies and public health strategies to mitigate the growing burden of extreme heat in CA.

all-cause mortalities , Mann–Kendall trend analysis , middle of the road scenario , sustainable urban development goals , urban overheating

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Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, School of Engineering and Digital Sciences, Nazarbayev University, Kabanbay Batyr Ave. 53, Astana, 010000, Kazakhstan
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, School of Engineering and Digital Sciences, Nazarbayev University, Kabanbay Batyr Ave. 53, Astana, 010000, Kazakhstan
Department of Environmental Health Engineering School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 417613151, Iran
Climate Change and Health Research Center (CCHRC), Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1439813118, Iran
Physical Geography and Climatology, Department of Geography, RWTH Aachen University, Wüllnerstr. 5b, Aachen, 52056, Germany
Faculty of Civil Engineering, Babol Noshirvani University of Technology, Babol, 484, Iran
Water, Sediment, Hazards and Earth-surface Dynamics (waterSHED) Lab, Department of Geoscience, University of Calgary, Calgary, T2N 1N4, AB, Canada
Global Centre for Clean Air Research (GCARE), School of Sustainability, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Surrey, Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, United Kingdom
Institute for Sustainability, University of Surrey, Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, United Kingdom

Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
Department of Environmental Health Engineering School of Public Health
Climate Change and Health Research Center (CCHRC)
Physical Geography and Climatology
Faculty of Civil Engineering
Water
Global Centre for Clean Air Research (GCARE)
Institute for Sustainability

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