Health risk assessment of the European inhabitants exposed to contaminated ambient particulate matter by potentially toxic elements
Broomandi P. Rodríguez-Seijo A. Janatian N. Fathian A. Tleuken A. Mohammadpour K. Galán-Madruga D. Jahanbakhshi A. Kim J.R. Satyanaga A. Bagheri M. Morawska L.
15 April 2023Elsevier Ltd
Environmental Pollution
2023#323
PM10-associated potential toxic elements (PTEs) can enter the respiratory system and cause health problems. In the current study, the health risk indices caused by PM10 inhalation by adults, children, and infants in 158 European cities between 2013 and 2019 were studied to determine if Europeans were adversely affected by carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic factors or not. The Mann–Kendall trend test examined PM10s increasing or decreasing trend. Random Forest analysis was also used to analyse meteorological factors affecting PM10 in Europe. Hazard quotient and cancer risk were estimated using PM10-associated PTEs. Our results showed a decline in continental PM10 concentrations. The correlation between PM10 concentrations and temperature (−0.40), PBLH (−0.39), and precipitation were statistically strong (−0.21). The estimated Pearson correlation coefficients showed a statistically strong positive correlation between As & Pb, As & Cd, and Cd & Pb during 2013–2019, indicating a similar origin. PTEs with hazard quotients below one, regardless of subpopulation type, posed no noncancerous risk to Europeans. The hazard quotient values positively correlated with time, possibly due to elevated PTE levels. In our study on carcinogen pollution in Europe between 2013 and 2019, we found unacceptable levels of As, Cd, Ni, and Pb among adults, children, and infants. Carcinogenic risk rates were highest for children, followed by infants, adult women, and adult men. Therefore, besides monitoring and mitigating PM concentrations, effective control of PM sources is also needed.
Air pollution , Cancer risk , Europe , Health risks , Inhalation , Particulate matter , Potential toxic elements (PTEs)
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Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, School of Engineering and Digital Sciences, Nazarbayev University, Kabanbay Batyr Ave. 53, Nur-Sultan, 010000, Kazakhstan
Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros Do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos S/n, Matosinhos, 4450-208, Portugal
Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, 4169-007, Portugal
Departamento de Bioloxía Vexetal e Ciencia Do Solo, Área de Edafoloxía e Química Agrícola, Facultade de Ciencias de Ourense, Universidade de Vigo, As Lagoas S/n, Ourense, 32004, Spain
Department of Marine Systems, Division of Modelling and Remote Sensing, Tallinn University of Technology (Taltech), Tallinn, Estonia
Neotectonics and Natural Hazards Institute, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
UNESCO Chair on Coastal Geo-Hazard Analysis, Research Institute for Earth Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Water, Sediment, Hazards, And Earth-surface Dynamics (waterSHED) Lab, Department of Geoscience, University of Calgary, Canada
Department of Climatology, Faculty of Geographical Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
Climate Change Technology Transfer to Developing Countries Group (SSPT-PVS), Department of Sustainability, Italian National Agency for New Technologies Energy and Sustainable Development, ENEA, C. R. Casaccia, Rome, 00123, Italy
Department of Atmospheric Pollution, National Centre for Environment Health, Health Institute Carlos III, Ctra. Majadahonda a Pozuelo Km 2.2, Madrid, 28220, Spain
School of Architecture, Building and Civil Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, School of Engineering and Digital Sciences, Nazarbayev University, Kabanbay Batyr Ave. 53, Nur-Sultan, 010000, Kazakhstan
International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Faculty of Science, Queensland University Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane, 4001, QLD, Australia
Global Centre for Clean Air Research, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, United Kingdom
Department of Chemical Engineering, Masjed-Soleiman Branch, Islamic Azad University, Masjed-Soleiman, Iran
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR)
Biology Department
Departamento de Bioloxía Vexetal e Ciencia Do Solo
Department of Marine Systems
Neotectonics and Natural Hazards Institute
UNESCO Chair on Coastal Geo-Hazard Analysis
Water
Department of Climatology
Climate Change Technology Transfer to Developing Countries Group (SSPT-PVS)
Department of Atmospheric Pollution
School of Architecture
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health
Global Centre for Clean Air Research
Department of Chemical Engineering
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