Retinoblastoma outcomes in Europe: a prospective analysis of 483 patients from 40 countries

Bowman R. Arazi M. Cassoux N. Foster A. Gomel N. Kapelushnik N. MacLeod D. Fabian I.D. Zondervan M. Ziko O.A.O. Zia N. Zhilyaeva K. Zheng X. Zhao J. Zhang Y. Zhang C. Zein E. Zapata López A.M. Yuliawati P. Yousef Y.A. Ye H. Yarovoy A.A. Yarovaya V.A. Yaqub M.A. Yanga J.M. Yang H. Yam J.C. Xiao Y. Xiang D. Wongwai P. Dod C.W. Wiwatwongwana D. Wiwatwongwana A. Wime A.D.C. Wilson M.W. Weiss A. Wang Y.-Z. Wali Nigeria A.H. Wade P.D. Waddell K. Wackernagel W. Wachtel A.E. Vora T. Vishnevskia-Dai V. Villacís Chafla E.G. Viksnins M. Victor A.A. Verma N. Veleva-Krasteva N.V. Vaughan L.O. Vasquez L. Varadisai A. van Hoefen Wijsard M. Valeina S. Usmanov R.H. Ushakova T.L. Urbak S.F. Uner O.E. Unal E. Umar A.B. Tyau-Tyau H. Tuncer S. Trichaiyaporn S. Traoré F. Trang D.L. Toledano H. Theophile T. Teh K.H. Teixeira L.F. Tehuteru E.S. Tateshi B. Tashvighi M. Tarrillo Leiva F.F. Tandili A. Tan D. Tamamyan G. Sylla F. Svojgr K. Suzuki S. Surukrattanaskul S. Supriyadi E. Superstein R. Sundy M. Sun X. 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Brichard B.G. Brennan R.C. Boumedane A. Bouguila H. Bouda G.C. Bornfeld N. Bonanomi M.T.B.C. Boldt H.C. Boehme M. Bobrova N. Blum S. Biewald E.M. Biddulph S.J. Bhat S. Bhaduri A. Berry J.L. Berete R.C. Guebessi N.B. Benmiloud S. Benavides R. Popovic M.B. Bascaran C. Barranco H. Balwierz W. Balayeva R. Balaguer J. Baizakova B. Ayala S. Aung T.H. Attaseth T. Atsiaya R. Atchaneeyasakul L.-O. Atalay H.T. Astbury N.J. Antonino R. Amiruddin P.O. Al-Shammary E.H. Al-Shaheen A.A.S.M. Alsawidi K.M. Almeida A.A. Al-Mafrachi A.A.R.M. All-Eriksson C. Alkatan H.M. Al-Jumaly U. Al-Jadiry M.F. Alia D.B. Ali A.M. Al-Hussaini H.H.Y. Al-Haddad C. Carreras Y.A. Alfa Bio A.I. Alemany-Rubio E. Alejos A. Al-Dahmash S.A. Alcasabas A.P.A. Al-Badri S.A.F. Portabella S.A. Alakbarova A. Al Ani M.H. Harby L.A. Akib M.N.R. Ahmad A. Aghaji A.E. Aggarwal P. Afshar A.R. Adio A. Ademola-Popoola D.S. Sahadatou A.B. Abdulqader R.A. Abdullahi S.U. Abdallah E. Fabian I.D.
February 2026 Springer Nature

Eye (Basingstoke)
2026 #40 Issue 3 390 - 398 pp.

Purpose: To describe presentation, treatment and outcomes for a cohort of children presenting with retinoblastoma (Rb) throughout Europe during 2017. Methods: A prospective analysis of 483 patients diagnosed in Europe between Jan 1, 2017, and Dec 31, 2017, then treated and followed up for 3 years. Results: Unilateral cases 339/483 (70%) predominated, presenting older (mean age 26 months) than the 144 (30%) bilateral cases (mean age 12 months p < 0.0005). Only 4/477 (0.8%) children had extra-ocular Rb at presentation (mean age 53 months vs 21 months for those without p = 0.002). Children from middle income countries did not present older, but were more likely (p < 0.001) to present with late-stage disease (3-4) than high-income children (74/151 (49%) vs 108/332 (33%), RR 1.25 95%CI 1.09–1.44). For unilaterals, primary treatment was intravenous chemotherapy (IVC) in 29% and intra-arterial chemotherapy (IAC) in 20%. For bilaterals, primary treatment was IVC in 113/144 (78%) and IAC in 14/144 (10%). Overall, 58% of children underwent enucleation, 36% of which as primary treatment. Risk of enucleation was determined by stage and laterality, but not economic status. Twelve (2.5%) children died from Rb. More children (OR = 146-7 13.9–1549.4, p < 0.0005) presenting with extra-ocular tumour died (3 of 4 (75%)) than with intra-ocular tumour (9/449 (2%)) More children (OR = 29.8 3.8–232.0, p < 0.0005), from middle income countries died from Rb (11/132 (8%)) than from high income countries (1/327 (0.3%)). Conclusion: Even within a wealthy continent such as Europe, economic factors may influence survival, but not global salvage rates. The majority of children still lose an eye.

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International Centre for Eye Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
Ophthalmology Department, Great Ormond Street Children’s Hospital, London, United Kingdom
Goldschleger Eye Institute, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
Institut curie, université de Paris medicine Paris V Descartes, Paris, France
Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center and The Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
International Centre for Eye Helath, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
The Goldschleger Eye Institute, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
Ophthalmology Department of Rabat, Mohammed V university, Rabat, Morocco
Bayero University, Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano, Nigeria
Basra Children Specialty Hospital, Basra, Iraq
National Hospital of Niamey, Niamey, Niger
University of Ilorin & University of IlorinTeaching Hospital, Kwara State, Ilorin, Nigeria
Department of Ophthalmology, University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital, Port Harcourt, Nigeria
University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States
Department of Pediatrics, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, University of Nigeria, Enugu, Nigeria
The Children’ Hospital & the Institute of Child Health, Lahore, Pakistan
RS Dr. Wahidin Sudirohusodo, Makassar, Indonesia
The Royal London Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, and Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
Hawler Medical University, Erbil, Iraq
Zarifa Aliyeva National Center of Ophthalmology, Baku, Azerbaijan
Department of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Hospital Vall d’Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
Pediatric Oncology Unit, Children Welfare Teaching Hospital, Medical City, College of Medicine, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq
University of the Philippines - Philippine General Hospital, Manila, Philippines
College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Unidad Nacional de Oncología Pediátrica, Guatemala City, Guatemala
Instituto Cubano de Oftalmología “Ramón Pando Ferrer”, Havana, Marianao, Cuba
University of Parakou, Parakou, Benin
St. Damien Pediatric Hospital, Port-au-Prince, Haiti
Department of Ophthalmology, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
Pediatric Oncology Department, National Oncology Center, Sana’a, Yemen
Pediatric Oncology Department, South Egypt Cancer Institute, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
University Hospital Center ‘Mother Theresa’, Tirana, Albania
Imam Hussein Cancer Center, Kerbala, Iraq
St Erik Eye Hospital, Stockholn, Sweden
Ibn AlHaitham Teaching Eye Hospital, Baghdad, Iraq
Beira Central Hospital, Beira, Mozambique
Tripoli Eye Hospital, Tripoli University, Tripoli, Libya
Oncology Unit, Child’s Central Teaching Hospital, Baghdad, Iraq
National Eye Center-Cicendo Eye Hospital, Bandung, Indonesia
Bambino Gesù IRCCS Children’s Hospital, Rome, Italy
Department of Ophthalmology, Gazi University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
Siriraj Hospital Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
Light House For Christ Eye Center, Mombasa, Kenya
Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
Yangon Eye Hospital, University of Medicine 1, Yangon, Myanmar
Retina Consultants of Houston, Houston, TX, United States
Scientific Center for Pediatrics and Pediatric Surgery, Almaty, Kazakhstan
Pediatric Oncology Unit, Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe, Valencia, Spain
Institute of Pediatrics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Childrens University Hospital of Krakow, Krakow, Poland
Unit of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, University Hospital CHUV, Lausanne, Switzerland
Hospital Nacional de Niños ‘Dr. Carlos Sáenz Herrera’, San Jose, Costa Rica
Department of Pediatric Oncology, University Hassan II Fès, Fez, Morocco
Center Hospitalier et Universitaire Ibn Rochd, Casablanca, Morocco
Ophthalmologic Department of the Teaching Hospital of Treichville, Abidjan, Cote dIvoire
Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
The Calcutta Medical Research Institute, Kolkata, India
Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Narayana Health City, Bangalore, India
University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
University Hospital Essen, Department of Ophthalmology, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
The Filatov Institute of Eye diseases and Tissue Therapy, Odessa, Ukraine
Department of Ophthalmology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
Hospital das Clínicas da FMUSP, São Paulo, Brazil
Center Hospitalier Universitaire Yalgado Ouédraogo de Ouagadougou, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
Institut Hédi-Raïs d’Ophtalmologie de Tunis, Faculté de Médecine de Tunis, Université Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
Etablissement Hospitalière Spécialise Emir Abdelkader CEA Service d’Oncologie Pédiatrique, Oran, Algeria
St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Department of Oncology, Solid Tumor Division, Memphis, TN, United States
Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussel, Belgium
Hospital Infantil Manuel de Jesús, Managua, Nicaragua
Hospital del Niño Dr. Francisco De Icaza Bustamante, Guayaquil, Ecuador
Department of Ophthalmology, Queensland Children’s Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
Salud Ocular, Ministerio de Salud Publica, Asunción, Paraguay
Our Lady’s Children’s Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
Centro Hospital Universitário de Coimbra, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
Hospital Pereira Rossell, Montevideo, Uruguay
Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
Scientific and Technical Research Council, CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
Paediatric Ophthalmology Department, Mayo Hospital & College of Allied Visual Sciences (COAVS), King Edward Medical University, Lahore, Pakistan
Department of Ophthalmic Plastic Surgery, Orbit and Ocular Oncology, PBMA’s H. V. Desai Eye Hospital, Maharashtra, Pune, India
University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
Ocular Oncology Service, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Center for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
Eye Clinic, University Hospital ‘Alexandrovska’, Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University, Sofia, Bulgaria
Muhimbili National Hospital, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
National Center for Maternal and Children Health of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
Department of Ophthalmology, The Children’s Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland
Starship Children’s Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand
Oncology Institute ‘Prof. Dr. Al. Trestioreanu’ Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States
Indiana University Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN, United States
Bustamante Hospital for Children, Kingston, Jamaica
Semmelweis University Budapest, Budapest, Hungary
Department of Ophthalmology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
Quelimane Central Hospital, Quelimane, Mozambique
Department of Ophthalmology, Songklanagarind Hospital, Prince of a Songkla university, Songkla, Thailand
Department of Pediatric Hematology Oncology, Tata Medical Center, Kolkata, India
Ocular Oncology Services, Dr Shroff’s Charity Eye Hospital, New Delhi, India
Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
Red Cross Children’s War Memorial Hospital and the University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
National Children’s Hospital, Panama City, Panama
Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
Institut Curie, Paris, France
Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Neoplasicas, Lima, Peru
The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
Department of Paediatrics, Children’s Haematology/Oncology Center, University of Otago (Christchurch), Christchurch Hospital, Christchurch, New Zealand
The Children’s Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Pediatric Oncology Institute, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
Ophthalmology Department, dr. M. Djamil General Hospital, Medical Faculty Andalas University West Sumatra, Padang City, Indonesia
Departement of Opthalmology, Udayana University, Sanglah Eye Hospital, Bali, Indonesia
Department of Ophthalmology, Royal Children’s Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia
Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
Children’s Cancer Hospital Egypt, Cairo, 57357, Egypt
Oncology Department, National Cancer Institute, University of Gezira, Wadi Madani, Sudan
Ophthalmology Unit, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
Magrabi ICO Cameroon Eye Institute, Yaounde, Cameroon
Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
Hospital JP Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina
Pediatric Growth and Development Research Center, Institute of Endocrinology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Rasool Akram Hospital, Tehran, Iran
Department of Ophthalmology, University College Hospital/University of Ibadan, Oyo State, Ibadan, Nigeria
MICLINIC, Ciudad del Este, Paraguay
Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, Sevilla, Spain
Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
Hospital Escuela, Tegucigalpa, Honduras
Pediatric Oncology Department, National Children’s Hospital Benjamin Bloom, San Salvador, El Salvador
Lions Sight First Eye Hospital, Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital, Blantyre, Malawi
Anglo American Clinic, Lima, Peru
Servicio Andaluz de Salud (SAS), Sevilla, Spain
Charlotte Maxeke Johannesburg Academic Hospital, Johannesburg, South Africa
Retina & Vitreous Service, Farabi Eye Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Miami Ocular Oncology and Retina, Miami, FL, United States
Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
Division of Ophthalmology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
Hospital Civil de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico
Pediatric Oncology Unit, Instituto Regional de Enfermedades Neoplásicas del Sur - IREN SUR, Arequipa, Peru
Unidad de Oncologia Ocular Hospital Oncologico Luis Razzetti, Caracas, Venezuela
IAM NOOR Eye Care Programme, Herat, Afghanistan
Department of Clinical Genetics, and Center for Rare Disorders, Aarhus University Hopspital, Aarhus, Denmark
National Institute of Cancer in Brazil, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Département de Pédiatrie, CHU Sylvanus Olympio, Université de Lomé, Lomé, Togo
National Cancer Institute, Maharagama, Sri Lanka
Department of Ophthalmology, Ankara University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
Bai Jerbai Wadia Hospital for Children, Mumbai, India
King George’s Medical University, Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow, India
Retinoblastoma referral center, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
CHU Sainte Justine, University of Montreal, Montréal, QC, Canada
The Indus Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan
Hospital Kuala Lumpur, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
John A. Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
Department of Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus, Al Shifa Trust Eye Hospital, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
University Childrens’ Hospital, Bratislava, Slovakia
Hospital Nacional Guillermo Almenara Irigoyen, Lima, Peru
Pediatric Hematology and Oncology Department of Rabat—Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco
Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Jimma University Medical Center, Jimma, Ethiopia
Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
The Emory Eye Center, Atlanta, GA, United States
Department of Ophthalmology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
Oncology Unit, Child Central Teaching Hospital, Baghdad, Iraq
Institute for Oncology and Radiology, Belgrade, Serbia
Pacific International Hospital, Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea
Birmingham Children’s Hospital Eye Department, Birmingham Women’s and Children’s NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, United Kingdom
Fight against Angiogenesis-Related Blindness (FARB) Laboratory, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
Clínica Oftalmológica Pasteur, Santiago, Chile
Storm Eye Institute, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
Bukavu Eye Clinic—Bukavu Official University, Bukavu, Democratic Republic Congo
The Operation Eyesight Universal Institute for Eye Cancer, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India
Department of Ophthalmology, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kamplala, Uganda
Division of Pediatric Oncology, School of Medicine, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
Ophthalmology Department, Central Children’s Hospital of Georgia, Tbilisi, Georgia
Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Cerrahpaşa Faculty of Medicine and Oncology Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
University Hospital Brno, Masaryk University and ICRC/St. Anna University Hospital, Brno, Czech Republic
Dhaka Medical College Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh
Department of Ophthalmology, Post Graduate Medical Institute, Ameer Ud Din Medical College, Lahore General Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan
Angkor Hospital for Children, Krong Siem Reap, Cambodia
Duke University Eye Center, Durham, NC, United States
Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai, India
Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
Ocular Oncology Service, Hacettepe University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
Ocular Oncology Service, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
East Tallinn Central Hospital, Tallinn, Estonia
Oncologue Pédiatre Responsable d’Unité de Bangui, Bangui, Central African Republic
Chidren’s Ophthalmology Department, Chidren’s Hospital of Vilnius, University Hospital Santaros Clinic, Vilnius, Lithuania
Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
Vitreo-Retina Research Unit, Department of Ophthalmology, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
Hong Kong Eye Hospital, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
University of Western Australia, Perth Children’s Hospital, Perth, WA, Australia
Clinical Center Of Vojvodina – University Eye Clinic, Eye Research Foundation Vidar—Latinović, Novi Sad, Serbia
Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago, Division of Ophthalmology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
John A. Burns School of Medicine at the University of Hawaii, and University of Southern California Roski Eye Institute, Los Angeles, CA, United States
Division of Ophthalmology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
Phoenix Children’s Hospital, Phoenix, AZ, United States
The Affiliated Hospital of Dali University, Yunnan Province, Dali City, China
Tilganga Institute of Ophthalmology, Kathmandu, Nepal
Singapore National Eye Center, Singapore, Singapore
Ophthalmology Department, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
University Clinics of Lubumbashi, University of Lubumbashi, Lubumbashi, Democratic Republic Congo
Hematology/Oncology/SCT, Center for Global Health, Children’s Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
Ophthalmology Department, Airlangga University—Dr. Soetomo General Hospital, Surabaya, Indonesia
The Okhmatdyt National Children’s Hospital, Kiev, Ukraine
Pediatric Hematology-Oncology Unit, Apollo Center for Advanced Pediatrics, Indraprastha Apollo Hospital, New Delhi, India
Sekuru Kaguvi Eye Unit, Parirenyatwa Group of Hospitals, Harare, Zimbabwe
National Center of Oncology and Hematology, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL, United States
Ruharo Eye Hospitalrara, Mbarara City, Uganda
Botswana Government—Scottish Livingstone Hospital, Molepolole, Botswana
Department of Ocular Oncology, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, East Melbourne, VIC, Australia
Department of Oncology, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Mexico City, Mexico
Mahak Childrens Hematology Oncology Research Center (Mahak-HORC), Mahak Childrens Hematology Oncology Research Center (Mahak-HORC), Mahak Hospital, Tehran, Iran
Department of Ophthalmology, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
Center for Sight, New Delhi, India
Department of Ophthalmology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
Sankara Eye Hospital, Bangalore, India
Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Center, Moshi, Tanzania
Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Gezira, Wadi Madani, Sudan
King Hussein Cancer Center, Amman, Jordan
Department of Ophthalmology, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, Netherlands
Hospital Infantil Dr. Robert Reid Cabral, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic
Service d’oncologie pédiatrique de l’hôpital Aristide le Dantec, Dakar, Senegal
Ministry of Health, Lusaka, Zambia
Jules-Gonin Eye Hospital, Fondation Asile de Aveugles, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
Department of Ophthalmology, Lagos University Teaching Hospital/College of Medicine of the University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria
Abii Specialists Hospital, Bamenda, Cameroon
Aditya Jyot Eye Hospital, Mumbai, India
Lokmanya Tilak Municipal Medical College and General Hospital, Mumbai, India
N.N. Alexandrov National Cancer Center of Belarus, Minsk, Belarus
Cheikh Anta DIOP University of Dakar, Le Dantec Hospital, Dakar, Senegal
Child Health Department, Faculty of Medicine, Diponegoro University, Semarang, Indonesia
Moscow Helmholtz Research Institute of Eye Diseases, Moscow, Russian Federation
Hochiminh Eye Hospital, Hồ Chí Minh, Viet Nam
Calabar Children’s Eye Center, Department of Ophthalmology University of Calabar Teaching Hospital Calabar Cross River State, Calabar, Nigeria
Chittagong Eye Infirmary & Training Complex, Chittagong, Bangladesh
Arthur Davison Children’s Hospital, Ndola, Zambia
Chu Angondje Cancerologie, Libreville, Gabon
Sue Anschutz-Rogers Eye Center at the University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana
Clínica Alemana de Santiago, Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
National Ophthalmological Institute of Angola, Luanda, Angola
H M Diwan Eye Foundation, and Tata Medical Center, Kolkata, India
Yerevan State Medical University, Department of Oncology and Pediatric Cancer and Blood Disorders Center of Armenia, Hematology Center after R.H. Yeolyan, Yerevan, Armenia
University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
University Hospital Center Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
Vietnam National Institute of Ophthalmology, Ha Noi, Viet Nam
Center Hospitaliere Universitaire de Kamenge, Bujumbura, Burundi
Department of Ophthalmology for Children and Adults, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
Fundacion Clinica Valle del Lili, Cali, Colombia
Head and Neck Tumors Department, SRI of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology of N.N. Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology of Russian Federation, Moscow, Russian Federation
Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education, Moscow, Russian Federation
Univ. Medical Center Ljubljana, University of Eye Hospital Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
Good Shepherd Hospital, Siteki, Swaziland
Sardjito Hospital-Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
Hiwa Cancer Hospital, Al Sulaimaniyah, Iraq
Department of Ophthalmology, Eye and ENT Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
Department of Ophthalmology Hospital Infantil de Mexico Federico Gómez, Mexico City, Mexico
Center Hospitalier Universitaire Joseph Ravoahangy Andrianavalona, Antananarivo, Madagascar
Department of Oculoplasty and Ocular Oncology, Ispahani Islamia Eye Institute and Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh
Department of Ophthalmology and Davidoff Center for Oncology, Rabin Medical Center, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Aviv, Israel
University of Ghana School of Medicine and Dentistry, Korle Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra, Ghana
University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
Federal Medical Center, Yola, Nigeria
Nampula central hospital, Nampula, Mozambique
Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
Children’s Cancer Institute, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
NIHR Biomedical Research Center for Ophthalmology at Moorfields Eye Hospital and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology and London Retinoblastoma Service, Royal London Hospital, London, United Kingdom
Ophthalmology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
Hospital Dr. Manuel Ascencio Villarroel, Cochabamba, Bolivia
Pediatric Hemato-Oncology, Hospital Universitario Infantil La Paz, Madrid, Spain
Hospital Solca Quito, Quito, Ecuador
Mahosot Hospital, Vientiane, Laos
Department of Ophthalmology, Rasool Akram Hospital, Tehran, Iran
Department of Pediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
National Institute of Ophthalmology, Dhaka, Bangladesh
East Timor Eye Program, Dili, Timor-Leste
Tata Memorial Hospital, Parel, Mumbai, India
Ocular Oncology Service, Wills Eye Hospital, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
Ophthalmology department, Nouakchott Medical University, Nouakchott, Mauritania
Department of Ophthalmology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia—Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo National General Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia
Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
Mulago National Referral and Teaching Hospital, Kamplala, Uganda
Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
Center for Eye Research Australia, University of Melbourne, East Melbourne, VIC, Australia
Children’s Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, MO, United States
Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of the Free Sate, Bloemfontein, South Africa
BC Children’s Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
Pediatra Hemato-Oncologa, Instituto Oncologico del Oriente Boliviano, Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia
Henan Children’s Hospital, Affiliated Children’s Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
Queen Sirikit National Institute of Child Health, Bangkok, Thailand
Department of Ophthalmic Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
Africa Institute of Tropical Ophtalmology, Bamako, Mali
Hospital Nacional Edgardo Rebagliati Martins, Lima, Peru
University Eye Clinic, Skopje, North Macedonia
National Cancer Center—‘Dharmais’ Cancer Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia
Ophthalmology Department, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
Kabgayi Eye Unit, Gitarama, Rwanda
Department of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Schneider Children’s Medical Center, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Aviv, Israel
Pediatric Oncology Service, Gabriel Toure Hospital, Bamako, Mali
Istanbul University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology, Ocular Oncology Service, Istanbul, Turkey
Université Adam Barka, Adam Barka, Chad
Ankara University Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Ankara, Turkey
Department of ophthalmology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
National Cancer Center of Uzbekistan, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
Children’s Clinical University Hospital, Riga, Latvia
Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
Jos University Teaching Hospital, Jos, Nigeria
National Eye Center Kaduna, Kaduna, Nigeria
Department of Paediatrics, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
Department of Surgery, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States
Department of Ophthalmology, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
Department of ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
Department of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Guangzhou Children’s Hospital and Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
Kunming Children’s Hospital, Kunming, China
State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
Service d’Ophtalmologie, Cliniques Universitaires de Kinshasa, Université de Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic Congo
Armed Forces Institute of Ophthalmology, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
S.Fyodorov Eye Microsurgery Federal State Institution, Moscow, Russian Federation
Assistante Hospitalo—Universitaire, Faculte de Medecine de Nouakchott Medecin Oncopediatre, Center National d’Oncologie, Nouakchott, Mauritania
Department of Ophthalmology, Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
Department of Ophthalmology, Children’s Hospital of Zhejiang, University School of Medicine, Zhejiang, Hangzhou, China

International Centre for Eye Health
Ophthalmology Department
Goldschleger Eye Institute
Institut curie
Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center and The Sackler Faculty of Medicine
International Centre for Eye Helath
The Goldschleger Eye Institute
Ophthalmology Department of Rabat
Bayero University
Basra Children Specialty Hospital
National Hospital of Niamey
University of Ilorin & University of IlorinTeaching Hospital
Department of Ophthalmology
University of California
Department of Pediatrics
Department of Ophthalmology
The Children’ Hospital & the Institute of Child Health
RS Dr. Wahidin Sudirohusodo
The Royal London Hospital
Hawler Medical University
Zarifa Aliyeva National Center of Ophthalmology
Department of Pediatric Ophthalmology
Pediatric Oncology Unit
University of the Philippines - Philippine General Hospital
College of Medicine
Unidad Nacional de Oncología Pediátrica
Instituto Cubano de Oftalmología “Ramón Pando Ferrer”
University of Parakou
St. Damien Pediatric Hospital
Department of Ophthalmology
Pediatric Oncology Department
Pediatric Oncology Department
University Hospital Center ‘Mother Theresa’
Imam Hussein Cancer Center
St Erik Eye Hospital
Ibn AlHaitham Teaching Eye Hospital
Beira Central Hospital
Tripoli Eye Hospital
Oncology Unit
National Eye Center-Cicendo Eye Hospital
Bambino Gesù IRCCS Children’s Hospital
Department of Ophthalmology
Siriraj Hospital Mahidol University
Light House For Christ Eye Center
Department of Ophthalmology
Yangon Eye Hospital
Retina Consultants of Houston
Scientific Center for Pediatrics and Pediatric Surgery
Pediatric Oncology Unit
Institute of Pediatrics
Unit of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology
Hospital Nacional de Niños ‘Dr. Carlos Sáenz Herrera’
Department of Pediatric Oncology
Center Hospitalier et Universitaire Ibn Rochd
Ophthalmologic Department of the Teaching Hospital of Treichville
Children’s Hospital Los Angeles
The Calcutta Medical Research Institute
Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology
University of the Witwatersrand
University Hospital Essen
The Filatov Institute of Eye diseases and Tissue Therapy
Department of Ophthalmology
Hospital das Clínicas da FMUSP
Center Hospitalier Universitaire Yalgado Ouédraogo de Ouagadougou
Institut Hédi-Raïs d’Ophtalmologie de Tunis
Etablissement Hospitalière Spécialise Emir Abdelkader CEA Service d’Oncologie Pédiatrique
St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital
Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc
Hospital Infantil Manuel de Jesús
Hospital del Niño Dr. Francisco De Icaza Bustamante
Department of Ophthalmology
Salud Ocular
Our Lady’s Children’s Hospital
Centro Hospital Universitário de Coimbra
Hospital Pereira Rossell
Hospital Sant Joan de Déu
Scientific and Technical Research Council
Paediatric Ophthalmology Department
Department of Ophthalmic Plastic Surgery
University of Louisville
Ocular Oncology Service
Eye Clinic
Muhimbili National Hospital
National Center for Maternal and Children Health of Mongolia
Department of Ophthalmology
Starship Children’s Hospital
Oncology Institute ‘Prof. Dr. Al. Trestioreanu’ Bucharest
Wilmer Eye Institute
College of Medicine
Indiana University Medical Center
Bustamante Hospital for Children
Semmelweis University Budapest
Department of Ophthalmology
Quelimane Central Hospital
Department of Ophthalmology
Department of Pediatric Hematology Oncology
Ocular Oncology Services
Cole Eye Institute
Red Cross Children’s War Memorial Hospital and the University of Cape Town
National Children’s Hospital
Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science
Institut Curie
Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Neoplasicas
The Hospital for Sick Children
Department of Paediatrics
The Children’s Hospital at Westmead
Pediatric Oncology Institute
Department of Ophthalmology
University of KwaZulu-Natal
Ophthalmology Department
Departement of Opthalmology
Department of Ophthalmology
Department of Paediatrics
Children’s Cancer Hospital Egypt
Oncology Department
Ophthalmology Unit
Magrabi ICO Cameroon Eye Institute
Aga Khan University
Hospital JP Garrahan
Pediatric Growth and Development Research Center
Department of Ophthalmology
MICLINIC
Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena
Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center
Hospital Escuela
Pediatric Oncology Department
Lions Sight First Eye Hospital
Anglo American Clinic
Servicio Andaluz de Salud (SAS)
Charlotte Maxeke Johannesburg Academic Hospital
Retina & Vitreous Service
Department of Ophthalmology
Miami Ocular Oncology and Retina
Sackler Faculty of Medicine
Division of Ophthalmology
Department of Ophthalmology
Hospital Civil de Guadalajara
Pediatric Oncology Unit
Unidad de Oncologia Ocular Hospital Oncologico Luis Razzetti
IAM NOOR Eye Care Programme
Department of Clinical Genetics
National Institute of Cancer in Brazil
Département de Pédiatrie
National Cancer Institute
Department of Ophthalmology
Bai Jerbai Wadia Hospital for Children
King George’s Medical University
Retinoblastoma referral center
CHU Sainte Justine
The Indus Hospital
Hospital Kuala Lumpur
John A. Moran Eye Center
Bascom Palmer Eye Institute
Department of Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus
University Childrens’ Hospital
Hospital Nacional Guillermo Almenara Irigoyen
Pediatric Hematology and Oncology Department of Rabat—Mohammed V University
Department of Pediatrics and Child Health
Byers Eye Institute
The Emory Eye Center
Department of Ophthalmology
Oncology Unit
Institute for Oncology and Radiology
Pacific International Hospital
Birmingham Children’s Hospital Eye Department
Fight against Angiogenesis-Related Blindness (FARB) Laboratory
Clínica Oftalmológica Pasteur
Storm Eye Institute
Bukavu Eye Clinic—Bukavu Official University
The Operation Eyesight Universal Institute for Eye Cancer
Department of Ophthalmology
Division of Pediatric Oncology
Chang Gung Memorial Hospital
Ophthalmology Department
Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology
University Hospital Brno
Dhaka Medical College Hospital
Department of Ophthalmology
Angkor Hospital for Children
Duke University Eye Center
Sankara Nethralaya
Department of Ophthalmology
Ocular Oncology Service
Ocular Oncology Service
East Tallinn Central Hospital
Oncologue Pédiatre Responsable d’Unité de Bangui
Chidren’s Ophthalmology Department
Department of Paediatrics and Child Health
Vitreo-Retina Research Unit
University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf
Hong Kong Eye Hospital
University of Western Australia
Clinical Center Of Vojvodina – University Eye Clinic
Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago
John A. Burns School of Medicine at the University of Hawaii
Division of Ophthalmology
Phoenix Children’s Hospital
The Affiliated Hospital of Dali University
Tilganga Institute of Ophthalmology
Singapore National Eye Center
Ophthalmology Department
University Clinics of Lubumbashi
Hematology/Oncology/SCT
Ophthalmology Department
The Okhmatdyt National Children’s Hospital
Pediatric Hematology-Oncology Unit
Sekuru Kaguvi Eye Unit
National Center of Oncology and Hematology
University of Alabama
Ruharo Eye Hospitalrara
Botswana Government—Scottish Livingstone Hospital
Department of Ocular Oncology
Department of Oncology
Mahak Childrens Hematology Oncology Research Center (Mahak-HORC)
Department of Ophthalmology
Center for Sight
Department of Ophthalmology
Sankara Eye Hospital
Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Center
Pathology Department
King Hussein Cancer Center
Department of Ophthalmology
Hospital Infantil Dr. Robert Reid Cabral
Service d’oncologie pédiatrique de l’hôpital Aristide le Dantec
Ministry of Health
Jules-Gonin Eye Hospital
Department of Ophthalmology
Abii Specialists Hospital
Aditya Jyot Eye Hospital
Lokmanya Tilak Municipal Medical College and General Hospital
N.N. Alexandrov National Cancer Center of Belarus
Cheikh Anta DIOP University of Dakar
Child Health Department
Moscow Helmholtz Research Institute of Eye Diseases
Hochiminh Eye Hospital
Calabar Children’s Eye Center
Chittagong Eye Infirmary & Training Complex
Arthur Davison Children’s Hospital
Chu Angondje Cancerologie
Sue Anschutz-Rogers Eye Center at the University of Colorado School of Medicine
Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital
Clínica Alemana de Santiago
National Ophthalmological Institute of Angola
H M Diwan Eye Foundation
Yerevan State Medical University
University of British Columbia
University Hospital Center Zagreb
Vietnam National Institute of Ophthalmology
Center Hospitaliere Universitaire de Kamenge
Department of Ophthalmology for Children and Adults
Fundacion Clinica Valle del Lili
Head and Neck Tumors Department
Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education
Univ. Medical Center Ljubljana
Good Shepherd Hospital
Sardjito Hospital-Faculty of Medicine
Hiwa Cancer Hospital
Department of Ophthalmology
Department of Ophthalmology Hospital Infantil de Mexico Federico Gómez
Center Hospitalier Universitaire Joseph Ravoahangy Andrianavalona
Department of Oculoplasty and Ocular Oncology
Department of Ophthalmology and Davidoff Center for Oncology
University of Ghana School of Medicine and Dentistry
University of Pretoria
Federal Medical Center
Nampula central hospital
Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine
Children’s Cancer Institute
NIHR Biomedical Research Center for Ophthalmology at Moorfields Eye Hospital and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology and London Retinoblastoma Service
Ophthalmology Department
Hospital Dr. Manuel Ascencio Villarroel
Pediatric Hemato-Oncology
Hospital Solca Quito
Mahosot Hospital
Department of Ophthalmology
Department of Pediatrics
National Institute of Ophthalmology
East Timor Eye Program
Tata Memorial Hospital
Ocular Oncology Service
Ophthalmology department
Department of Ophthalmology
Department of Ophthalmology
Casey Eye Institute
Mulago National Referral and Teaching Hospital
Department of Ophthalmology
Center for Eye Research Australia
Children’s Mercy Hospital
Department of Paediatrics and Child Health
BC Children’s Hospital
Pediatra Hemato-Oncologa
Henan Children’s Hospital
Queen Sirikit National Institute of Child Health
Department of Ophthalmic Oncology
Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology
Africa Institute of Tropical Ophtalmology
Hospital Nacional Edgardo Rebagliati Martins
University Eye Clinic
National Cancer Center—‘Dharmais’ Cancer Hospital
Ophthalmology Department
Kabgayi Eye Unit
Department of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology
Pediatric Oncology Service
Istanbul University
Université Adam Barka
Ankara University Department of Pediatrics
Department of ophthalmology
National Cancer Center of Uzbekistan
Children’s Clinical University Hospital
Department of Ophthalmology
Jos University Teaching Hospital
National Eye Center Kaduna
Department of Paediatrics
Department of Surgery
Department of Ophthalmology
Department of ophthalmology
Department of Pediatric Ophthalmology
Kunming Children’s Hospital
State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology
Service d’Ophtalmologie
Armed Forces Institute of Ophthalmology
S.Fyodorov Eye Microsurgery Federal State Institution
Assistante Hospitalo—Universitaire
Department of Ophthalmology
Department of Ophthalmology

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