Global change in hepatitis C virus prevalence and cascade of care between 2015 and 2020: a modelling study
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May 2022Elsevier Ltd
The Lancet Gastroenterology and Hepatology
2022#7Issue 5396 - 415 pp.
Background: Since the release of the first global hepatitis elimination targets in 2016, and until the COVID-19 pandemic started in early 2020, many countries and territories were making progress toward hepatitis C virus (HCV) elimination. This study aims to evaluate HCV burden in 2020, and forecast HCV burden by 2030 given current trends. Methods: This analysis includes a literature review, Delphi process, and mathematical modelling to estimate HCV prevalence (viraemic infection, defined as HCV RNA-positive cases) and the cascade of care among people of all ages (age ≥0 years from birth) for the period between Jan 1, 2015, and Dec 31, 2030. Epidemiological data were collected from published sources and grey literature (including government reports and personal communications) and were validated among country and territory experts. A Markov model was used to forecast disease burden and cascade of care from 1950 to 2050 for countries and territories with data. Model outcomes were extracted from 2015 to 2030 to calculate population-weighted regional averages, which were used for countries or territories without data. Regional and global estimates of HCV prevalence, cascade of care, and disease burden were calculated based on 235 countries and territories. Findings: Models were built for 110 countries or territories: 83 were approved by local experts and 27 were based on published data alone. Using data from these models, plus population-weighted regional averages for countries and territories without models (n=125), we estimated a global prevalence of viraemic HCV infection of 0·7% (95% UI 0·7–0·9), corresponding to 56·8 million (95% UI 55·2–67·8) infections, on Jan 1, 2020. This number represents a decrease of 6·8 million viraemic infections from a 2015 (beginning of year) prevalence estimate of 63·6 million (61·8–75·8) infections (0·9% [0·8–1·0] prevalence). By the end of 2020, an estimated 12·9 million (12·5–15·4) people were living with a diagnosed viraemic infection. In 2020, an estimated 641 000 (623 000–765 000) patients initiated treatment. Interpretation: At the beginning of 2020, there were an estimated 56·8 million viraemic HCV infections globally. Although this number represents a decrease from 2015, our forecasts suggest we are not currently on track to achieve global elimination targets by 2030. As countries recover from COVID-19, these findings can help refocus efforts aimed at HCV elimination. Funding: John C Martin Foundation, Gilead Sciences, AbbVie, ZeShan Foundation, and The Hepatitis Fund.
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Center for Disease Analysis Foundation, Lafayette, CO, United States
Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
University of Palermo, Promise, Palermo, Italy
Hiroshima University, Epidemiology, Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Hiroshima, Japan
Hepatology and Gastroenterology Department, United States
Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine Department, National Liver Institute, Shebeen El Kom, Egypt
Kirby Institute, Unsw Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Department of Hepato-Gastroenterology, Dr Ziauddin University Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan
Department of Medicine, Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan
Family and Community Medicine, College of Medicine, Taibah University, Almadinah, Saudi Arabia
Salmaniya Medical Complex, Manama, Bahrain
Internal Medicine, Ibn Al-Nafees Hospital, Manama, Bahrain
Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Italy
Humanitas Research Hospital Irccs, Department of Gastroenterology, Rozzano, Italy
Infectious Diseases and Abdominal Center, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
Department of Gastroenterology, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Department of Translational Medicine, Clinical Infection Medicine, Lund University, Malm, Sweden
Department of Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Al Khoudh, Oman
Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
Gastroenterology Unit/Medical Department, King Fahad General Hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Department of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Liver Transplantation, King Faisal Specialist Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Department of Medicine, Dar Al Uloom University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Armed Forces Hospital, Muscat, Oman
Emirates Health Services, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
Hepatology Division, Hepatobiliary Sciences and Organ Transplant Center, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kalinga Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India
Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Armed Forces Medical Services, New Delhi, India
Botswana-Harvard Hiv Reference Laboratory, Botswana Harvard Aids Institute Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana
Nuffield Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
Division of Medical Virology, University of Stellenbosch, Cape Town, South Africa
Department of Public Health Policy, University of West Attica, Athens, Greece
Infectious Diseases, Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
Mongolian Association for the Study of Liver Diseases, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
Research Institute of Virology of Ministry of Health of Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent City, Uzbekistan
Liver Diseases Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
Facultad de Medicina, University of Rosario School of Medicine, Rosario, Argentina
Gastroenterology and Hepatology Department, Hospital Provincial Del Centenario, Rosario, Argentina
Toronto Centre for Liver Disease, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
Internal Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology, University of Rio de Janeiro, Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Clinica de Doenças Do Fígado, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Department of Medicine, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, United States
Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
Arud Centre for Addiction Medicine, Zürich, Switzerland
Swiss Hepatitis, Zurich, Switzerland
Institute for Primary Care, University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
Integrated Department of Medical Specialties, University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ziekenhuis Oost-Limburg, Genk, Belgium
Liver Unit, Universidad Autonoma de Barcelona, Hospital Universitari Vall D Hebron and Ciberehd Del Insituto Carlos Iii, Barcelona, Spain
Health Research Union, Tbilisi, Georgia
Gastroenterology and Hepatology Department, Marques de Valdecilla University Hospital, Santander, Spain
Clinical and Translational Research in Digestive Diseases, Idival, Santander, Spain
Division of Infectious Disease Control, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, Osong, South Korea
University Clinic of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medical Faculty, Skopje, North Macedonia
Department of Internal Medicine, Union Hospital, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
Faculty of Medicine, France
Department of Medicine and Therapeutics
State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
Internal Medicine- Gastroenterology and Hepatology Division, Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
Social Science Department, Maxwell School of Citizenship and Public Affairs, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, United States
Division of Hepato- Gastroenterology
Community Medicine Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital Keelung Branch, Keelung, Taiwan
Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
Fortis Memorial Research Institute, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Gurgaon, India
Department of Medicine, Vivekanand Polyclinic and Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
Department of Infectious Diseases, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
Department of Internal Medicine, Hepatobiliary Division, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
National Medical Research Center of Phthisiopulmonology and Infectious Diseases, Moscow, Russian Federation
Sechenov University, Moscow, Russian Federation
Sirius University of Science and Technology, Sochi, Russian Federation
Hepatology, Hospital Christus Muguerza Alta Especialidad, Monterrey, Mexico
Hepatology Research, Investigaciones M dicas Cisneros Sc, Monterrey, Mexico
Asociaci n Mexicana de Hepatologia, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
Hepatology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero- Universitaria Pisana, Pisa, Italy
Department of Medicine, Universidad Nacional Pedro Henriquez Urena, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic
Hepatology, Centro de Gastroenterologia Avanzada, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic
Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
Centre for Individualised Infection Medicine, Hannover, Germany
South West Liver Unit, University Hospitals Plymouth Nhs Trust, Plymouth, United Kingdom
Hepatology Research Group, Peninsula Medical School, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, United Kingdom
School of Medicine, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain
School of Public Health, Peking University, China
Research Centre for Hauora and Health, Massey University, Wellington, New Zealand
Gastroenterologia, Centro Medico Docente la Trinidad, Caracas, Venezuela
Hepatologia, Policlinica Metropolitana, Caracas, Venezuela
Department of Infectious Diseases, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway
Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
Internal Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States
Chu Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
Department of Medicine Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Doha, Qatar
National Centre for Aids and Std Control/Global Fund Programs, Strategic Information Unit, Kathmandu, Nepal
Department of Global Public Health Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia/Ciptomangunkusumo Hospital Jakarta, Jakarta, Indonesia
2nd Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and L Pasteur University Hospital, Pj Safarik University, Kosice, Slovakia
Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine and Health, ÖRebro University, Sweden
Department of Pediatrics, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
Endemic Medicine Department, Cairo University Hospitals, Cairo, Egypt
Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine Department, National Liver Institute, Menoufia University, Egypt
FHI360 Cambodia, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
Gastroenterology/Hepatology
Division of Infectious Disease, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
Department of Gastroenterology, School of Medicine, University Hospital Merkur, Zagreb, Croatia
Department of Infectious Diseases and Hepatology, Medical University of Białystok, Bialystok, Poland
Department of Hepatogastroenterology, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
Department of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
National Center for Disease Control and Public Health, Tbilisi, Georgia
New Zealand Liver Transplant Unit, Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand
Department of Medicine
New Zealand Clinical Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
Universidad Autonoma de Santo Domingo, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic
Centro Endoscopico Digestivo Integral, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic
Health Ministry in Dominican Republic, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic
Liver Unit, Hospital Universitario la Paz, CIBERehd, IdiPAZ, Madrid, Spain
Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yerevan State Medical University, Yerevan, Armenia
Clinic of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Tsaritsa Yoanna-ISUL, Sofia, Bulgaria
Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Fundeni Clinical Institute, Bucharest, Romania
Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, United States
Department of Infectious Diseases
Department of Pathology
Department of Virology
Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Landspitali-National University Hospital of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland
Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland
Department of Internal Medicine Iv, Klinik Ottakring, Vienna, Austria
Carmel Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Liver Unit, Technion, Haifa, Israel
Department of Medicine- Hepatology Gastroenterology, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
Royal Hospital-Ministry of Health, Amman, Jordan
Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics
Department of Gastroenterology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
Hellenic Scientific Society for the Study of Aids, Sexually Transmitted and Emerging Diseases, Athens, Greece
Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
Public Health, Ministry of Public Health, Doha, Qatar
Department of Internal Medicine i, Klinikum Wels-Grieskirchen, Wels, Austria
Department of Gastroenterology, General Hospital Pula, Pula, Croatia
School of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
University of Pula, Pula, Croatia
Department of Gastroenterology, Somogy Megyei Kaposi Mor Oktato Korhaz, Kaposvar, Hungary
First Department of Internal Medicine, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
Department of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
Department of Infectious Diseases, Masaryk University Brno, Faculty of Medicine, Brno, Czech Republic
Gastroenterohepatology Department, University General Hospital Prim.dr Abdulah Naka, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
Department of Medicine- Hepatology, South City Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan
British Colombia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, BC, Canada
Department of Infectious Diseases and Hepatology, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
Department of Infectious Diseases, Skåne University Hospital, Malm , Sweden
Riga East University Hospital, Riga, Latvia
Riga Stradins University, Riga, Latvia
Liver Research Center, Capital Medical University, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
Department of Medicine Huddinge, Division of Infection and Dermatology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden
Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Hepatology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
Hepatitis Research Center
Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
Sci. and Prod. Ctr. for Prev. Med. of Ministry of Health and Social Development of Kyrgyz Republic, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Goroka, Papua New Guinea
Infectious Diseases, Royal Hospital, Muscat, Oman
Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Lady Reading Hospital, Peshawar, Pakistan
National HIV, Hepatitis and STIs Control Program, Department of Public Health, Ministry of Health, Royal Government of Bhutan, Thimphu, Bhutan
Directorate of Epidemiology and Disease Control, Ministry of Health, Rabat, Morocco
Norwegian National Advisory Unit on Concurrent Substance Abuse and Mental Health Disorders, Innlandet Hospital Trust, Norway
Yonsei University College of Medicine, Internal Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
Faculté des Sciences de la Sant, Université dAbomey Calavi, Cotonou, Benin
National Center for Global Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanit, Rome, Italy
Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine
Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
Department of Molecular Diagnostics, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
Department of Infectology and Travel Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Safarik University, Ko ice, Slovakia
Department of Infectology and Travel Medicine, L Pasteur University Hospital, Ko ice, Slovakia
Department of Infectious Diseases/Virology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg, Sweden
Department of Clinical Microbiology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Region V stra G taland, Gothenburg, Sweden
Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
Department of Medicine, Pamela Youde Nethersole Eastern Hospital, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China, Hong Kong
Consultant, Ruelle des Chataigniers 1, Denges VD, Switzerland
Health Services Research, Madrid, Spain
Barcelona Institute for Global Health, University of Barcelona, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain
University of Sydney, Concord Repatriation General Hospital, Concord, NSW, Australia
Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
Department of Medicine and Geriatrics, Tuen Mun Hospital, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Tuen Mun, China
Clinic of Gastroenterology, Nephrourology and Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
Department of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Faculty of Fundamental Sciences, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Vilnius, Lithuania
Gastroenterology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
Clinical Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of Split, Clinical Hospital Center Split, Split, Croatia
World Vision International, Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea
Department of Medicine, Adoose Specialist Hospital, Makurdi, Nigeria
Department of Medicine, Benue State University, Makurdi, Nigeria
Department of Medicine, Federal Medical Centre, Makurdi, Nigeria
Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Hospital Santa Maria, Medical School of Lisbon, National Program for Viral Hepatitis, Dire o-Geral da Sa de, Ministry of Health, Lisboa, Portugal
Clinic for Infectious Diseases and Febrile Illnesses, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
Internal Medicine, Minimal Invasive Surgery, St Pauls Hospital Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Department of Infectious Diseases and Institute of Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, S o Paulo, Brazil
Liver Research Unit, Medica sur Clinic and Foundation, Mexico City, Mexico
Faculty of Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Health Service Quality Directorate, Ministry of Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Department of Gastroenterology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
Department of Medicine, University of West Indies, Mona, Kingston, Jamaica
Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatopancreatology and Digestive Oncology, Cub H pital Erasme, Brussels, Universit Libre de Bruxelles, Cub Hôpital Erasme, Brussels, Belgium
Hepatitis Unit, Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, Jakarta, Indonesia
Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia
Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
Epidemiology of Infectious Diseases, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium
Gastroenterology and Hepatology
Clinical Pathology, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
Gastroenterology Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
Department of Virology, Centre Pasteur of Cameroon, Yaounde, Cameroon
Hepato-Gastroenterology, Chu Kamenge, Bujumbura, Burundi
Hepato-Gastroenterology, Medical-Clinic Cemadif, Bujumbura, Burundi
Republican Sci. Pract. Ctr. of Viral Infections Contr., Sci. and Prod. Assoc. Preventive Medicine, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
Internal Medicine, Benue State University Teaching Hospital, Makurdi, Nigeria
Paediatrics, University of Jos, Jos, Nigeria
University of Philippines College of Medicine, Manila, Philippines
Department of Medicine University Hospital, Frankfurt, Germany
Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research, Department of Medicine, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
Gastroenterolog a y Hepatolog a, Cl nica Las Americas Auna y Cl nica Las Vegas Quiron, Medell n, Colombia
Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Nyu Langone Health, Nyu Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
Innere Medizin and Gastroenterologie, Klinikum Klagenfurt Am W rthersee, Klagenfurt am W rthersee, Austria
External Teaching/Klinik Innere Medizin Iii, Medizinische Universität Wien, Vienna, Austria
Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, S o Paulo, Brazil
Research Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Georgi D. Efremov, Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Skopje, North Macedonia
Centre for Vaccines and Immunology, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, South Africa
Department of Virology, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Fortis Escorts Hospital, New Delhi, India
Viral Hepatitis Control Program
Dis. Contr., Communic. Dis. Contr., Direct. Gen. of Hlth. Serv., Min. of Health and Family Welfare, Dhaka, Bangladesh
Department of Medicine, Hepatology Section, Centro de Educación Médica e Investigaciones Clínicas Norberto Quirno, Ciudad Aut noma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
Direcci n de Promoci n y Prevenci n, Ministerio de Salud y Protecci n Social, Bogot , Colombia
Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Uz Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
Department of Gastroenterology, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
Hepatology, Nihr Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham University Hospitals Nhs Trust, Nottingham, United Kingdom
Research and Development, Islamabad Diagnostic Center Pakistan, Islamabad, Pakistan
Biological Production Division, National Institute of Health Pakistan, Islamabad, Pakistan
The Liver Institute, Hadassah Medical Organization, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
Liver Unit, Holy Family Hospital, Nazareth, Israel
Infectious Diseases Department, Clinic of South Urals State Medical University, Chelyabinsk, Russian Federation
State University of Zanzibar, Internal Medicine, Zanzibar, Tanzania
Department of Gastroenterology, Tartu University Hospital, Tartu, Estonia
Department of Internal Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
Gastroenterology, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey, Mexico
Department of Gastroenterology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, LUCKNOW, India
Medizinische Klinik 2, St Josefs-Hospital, Wiesbaden, Germany
Medizinische Klinik 1, Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
Department of Science and International Cooperation, Kazakh Science Center of Dermatology and Infectious Diseases, Almaty, Kazakhstan
Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Esch sur Alzette, Luxembourg
Internal Medicine Department, Gastroenterology and Hepatology Division, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Monash Health, Clayton, VIC, Australia
Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
A-Clinic, Helsinki, Finland
Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland
Gastroenterology, Hpb Surgery and Transplantology, Military Medical Academy, Sofia, Bulgaria
Division of Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
Gastroenterology Department, Christchurch Hospital, Christchurch, New Zealand
Department of Medicine, University of Otago Christchurch, Christchurch, New Zealand
Disease Control Division, Sector HIV/STI/Hepatitis C, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Putrajaya, Malaysia
Operations, Medecins Sans Frontieres-MSF, Maputo, Mozambique
Hepatology, Selayang Hospital, Batu Caves, Selangor, Malaysia
Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
Hepatology Department, Latvian Center of Infectious Diseases, Riga East University Hospital, Riga, Latvia
Faculty of Medicine, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia
Department of Infectious Diseases, Medical University of Lublin, Poland
Department of HIV/AIDS, Hepatitis, Sti and TB, National Center for Disease Control and Public Health, Tbilisi, Georgia
Department of Community Medicine, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
Viroscience, Erasmus Mc, Rotterdam, Netherlands
Public Health Service of Amsterdam and Burnet Institute, Netherlands
Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ghent University Hospital, Gent, Belgium
University Medical Center Utrecht, Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Utrecht, Netherlands
Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics and Viral Hepatitis Prevention Board, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Antwerp, Belgium
Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala, Guatemala, Guatemala
Liver Transplantation Unit, Buenos Aires British Hospital, Buenos Aires, Argentina
Medical School University of Zagreb, University Hospital of Infectious Diseases, Zagreb, Croatia
Foundation University Medical College, Islamabad, Pakistan
Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital-Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark
Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Hepato- Gastroenterology, Hotel Dieu de France University Hospital, Beirut, Lebanon
Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine, Université Saint Joseph, Beiru, Lebanon
Dept. of Gastroenterol., Hepatol., Hepatobiliary Surg. and Liver Transplant., Natl. Res. Ctr. for Oncol. and Transplant., Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan
Department of Medicine III, University Clinic Aachen, Aachen, Germany
Faculty of Medicine Cairo University, Endemic Diseases, Cairo, Egypt
Department of Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Liver Research, University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
Center for Disease Analysis Foundation
Keck School of Medicine
Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology
University of Palermo
Hiroshima University
Hepatology and Gastroenterology Department
Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine Department
Kirby Institute
Department of Hepato-Gastroenterology
Department of Medicine
Family and Community Medicine
Salmaniya Medical Complex
Internal Medicine
Department of Biomedical Sciences
Humanitas Research Hospital Irccs
Infectious Diseases and Abdominal Center
Department of Gastroenterology
King Abdullah International Medical Research Center
King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences
Department of Translational Medicine
Department of Medicine
Department of Infectious Diseases
Gastroenterology Unit/Medical Department
Department of Medicine
Liver Transplantation
Department of Medicine
Internal Medicine
Emirates Health Services
Hepatology Division
Gastroenterology and Hepatology
Gastroenterology and Hepatology
Botswana-Harvard Hiv Reference Laboratory
Nuffield Department of Clinical Laboratory Science
Division of Medical Virology
Department of Public Health Policy
Infectious Diseases
Mongolian Association for the Study of Liver Diseases
Research Institute of Virology of Ministry of Health of Republic of Uzbekistan
Liver Diseases Center
Sackler School of Medicine
Facultad de Medicina
Gastroenterology and Hepatology Department
Toronto Centre for Liver Disease
Internal Medicine
Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology
Clinica de Doenças Do Fígado
Department of Medicine
Department of Medicine
Arud Centre for Addiction Medicine
Swiss Hepatitis
Institute for Primary Care
Clinical and Experimental Medicine
Integrated Department of Medical Specialties
Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences
Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology
Liver Unit
Health Research Union
Gastroenterology and Hepatology Department
Clinical and Translational Research in Digestive Diseases
Division of Infectious Disease Control
University Clinic of Gastroenterology and Hepatology
Department of Internal Medicine
Faculty of Medicine
Department of Medicine and Therapeutics
State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease
Internal Medicine- Gastroenterology and Hepatology Division
Social Science Department
Division of Hepato- Gastroenterology
Community Medicine Research Center
Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and University
Fortis Memorial Research Institute
Department of Medicine
Department of Infectious Diseases
Department of Clinical Research
Department of Internal Medicine
National Medical Research Center of Phthisiopulmonology and Infectious Diseases
Sechenov University
Sirius University of Science and Technology
Hepatology
Hepatology Research
Asociaci n Mexicana de Hepatologia
Hepatology Unit
Department of Medicine
Hepatology
Department of Gastroenterology
Centre for Individualised Infection Medicine
South West Liver Unit
Hepatology Research Group
School of Medicine
School of Public Health
Research Centre for Hauora and Health
Gastroenterologia
Hepatologia
Department of Infectious Diseases
Institute of Clinical Medicine
Internal Medicine
Chu Bordeaux
Gastroenterology and Hepatology
Department of Medicine Gastroenterology and Hepatology
National Centre for Aids and Std Control/Global Fund Programs
Department of Global Public Health Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics
Department of Internal Medicine
2nd Department of Internal Medicine
Department of Infectious Diseases
Department of Pediatrics
Endemic Medicine Department
Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine Department
FHI360 Cambodia
Gastroenterology/Hepatology
Division of Infectious Disease
Department of Gastroenterology
Department of Infectious Diseases and Hepatology
Department of Hepatogastroenterology
Department of Medicine
National Center for Disease Control and Public Health
New Zealand Liver Transplant Unit
Department of Medicine
New Zealand Clinical Research
Universidad Autonoma de Santo Domingo
Centro Endoscopico Digestivo Integral
Health Ministry in Dominican Republic
Liver Unit
Gastroenterology and Hepatology
Clinic of Gastroenterology
Gastroenterology and Hepatology
Gastroenterology and Hepatology
Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine
Department of Infectious Diseases
Department of Pathology
Department of Virology
Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology
Faculty of Medicine
Department of Internal Medicine Iv
Carmel Medical Center
Department of Medicine- Hepatology Gastroenterology
Royal Hospital-Ministry of Health
Department of Hygiene
Department of Gastroenterology
Hellenic Scientific Society for the Study of Aids
Burnet Institute
Public Health
Department of Internal Medicine i
Department of Gastroenterology
School of Medicine
University of Pula
Department of Gastroenterology
First Department of Internal Medicine
Department of Infectious Diseases
Department of Infectious Diseases
Gastroenterohepatology Department
Department of Medicine- Hepatology
British Colombia Centre for Disease Control
Department of Infectious Diseases and Hepatology
Department of Infectious Diseases
Riga East University Hospital
Riga Stradins University
Liver Research Center
Department of Medicine Huddinge
Karolinska Institutet
Department of Internal Medicine
Hepatitis Research Center
Department of Internal Medicine
Sci. and Prod. Ctr. for Prev. Med. of Ministry of Health and Social Development of Kyrgyz Republic
Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research
Infectious Diseases
Gastroenterology and Hepatology
National HIV
Directorate of Epidemiology and Disease Control
Norwegian National Advisory Unit on Concurrent Substance Abuse and Mental Health Disorders
Yonsei University College of Medicine
Faculté des Sciences de la Sant
National Center for Global Health
Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine
Department of Medicine
Department of Molecular Diagnostics
Department of Infectology and Travel Medicine
Department of Infectology and Travel Medicine
Department of Infectious Diseases/Virology
Department of Clinical Microbiology
Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology
Department of Medicine
Consultant
Health Services Research
Barcelona Institute for Global Health
University of Sydney
Institute of Clinical Medicine
Department of Medicine and Geriatrics
Clinic of Gastroenterology
Department of Chemistry and Bioengineering
Gastroenterology
Clinical Department of Infectious Diseases
World Vision International
Department of Medicine
Department of Medicine
Department of Medicine
Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology
Clinic for Infectious Diseases and Febrile Illnesses
Faculty of Medicine
Internal Medicine
Department of Infectious Diseases and Institute of Tropical Medicine
Liver Research Unit
Faculty of Medicine
Digestive Diseases Research Institute
Health Service Quality Directorate
Department of Gastroenterology
Department of Medicine
Faculty of Medicine
Department of Gastroenterology
Hepatitis Unit
Faculty of Medicine
Faculty of Medicine and Health
Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology
Epidemiology of Infectious Diseases
Gastroenterology and Hepatology
Clinical Pathology
Gastroenterology Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University
Department of Virology
Hepato-Gastroenterology
Hepato-Gastroenterology
Republican Sci. Pract. Ctr. of Viral Infections Contr.
Internal Medicine
Paediatrics
University of Philippines College of Medicine
Department of Medicine University Hospital
Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research
Gastroenterolog a y Hepatolog a
Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology
Innere Medizin and Gastroenterologie
External Teaching/Klinik Innere Medizin Iii
Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology
Research Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Georgi D. Efremov
Centre for Vaccines and Immunology
Department of Virology
Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology
Viral Hepatitis Control Program
Dis. Contr.
Department of Medicine
Direcci n de Promoci n y Prevenci n
Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences
Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology
Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology
Department of Gastroenterology
Central Clinical School
Hepatology
Research and Development
Biological Production Division
The Liver Institute
Liver Unit
Infectious Diseases Department
State University of Zanzibar
Department of Gastroenterology
Department of Internal Medicine
Gastroenterology
Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud
Department of Gastroenterology
Medizinische Klinik 2
Medizinische Klinik 1
Department of Science and International Cooperation
Department of Infection and Immunity
Internal Medicine Department
Gastroenterology and Hepatology
Faculty of Medicine
A-Clinic
Department of Psychiatry
Gastroenterology
Division of Hepatology
Department of Internal Medicine
Gastroenterology Department
Department of Medicine
Disease Control Division
Operations
Hepatology
Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine
Hepatology Department
Faculty of Medicine
Department of Infectious Diseases
Department of HIV/AIDS
Department of Community Medicine
Viroscience
Public Health Service of Amsterdam and Burnet Institute
Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology
University Medical Center Utrecht
Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics and Viral Hepatitis Prevention Board
Gastroenterology and Hepatology
Facultad de Ciencias Médicas
Liver Transplantation Unit
Medical School University of Zagreb
Foundation University Medical College
Department of Infectious Diseases
Department of Clinical Medicine
Hepato- Gastroenterology
Gastroenterology
Dept. of Gastroenterol.
Department of Medicine III
Faculty of Medicine Cairo University
Department of Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Liver Research
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