Porphyrinuria in Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Review
Bjørklund G. Semenova Y. El-Ansary A. Al-Ayadhi L.Y.
2024Bentham Science Publishers
Current Medicinal Chemistry
2024#31Issue 426911 - 6925 pp.
Numerous studies demonstrated that the number of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) has increased remarkably in the past decade. A portion of ASD etiology, however, is attributed to environmental issues and genetic disorders. We highlighted a scoping review to principally evaluate the current information on mercury exposure in ASD children and to reveal knowledge gaps. Elevated porphyrins concentration in the urinary system related to mercury exposure, such as precoproporphyrin (pr-cP), coproporphyrin (cP), and pentacarboxyporphyrin (5cxP), was shown in comparison with controls. Moreover, high levels of urinary porphyrins have been elevated in response to heavy metal exposure. The related pattern (increased prcP, cP, and 5cxP) with Hg exposure may be used as biomarkers in the characteristics of ASD symptoms. However, this review highlighted the data gaps because the control groups were not gender-and age-matched for ASD children.
Autism spectrum disorder , biomarkers , environmental factors , genetics , mercury exposure , urinary porphyrins
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Department of Research, Council for Nutritional and Environmental Medicine, Mo i Rana, Norway
School of Medicine, Nazarbayev University, Astana, Kazakhstan
Autism Center, Lotus Holistic Alternative Medical Center, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Autism Research and Treatment Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Department of Research
School of Medicine
Autism Center
Department of Physiology
Autism Research and Treatment Center
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