Stimuli-responsive polymers for transdermal, transmucosal and ocular drug delivery
Berillo D. Zharkinbekov Z. Kim Y. Raziyeva K. Temirkhanova K. Saparov A.
December 2021MDPI
Pharmaceutics
2021#13Issue 12
Despite their conventional and widespread use, oral and intravenous routes of drug administration face several limitations. In particular, orally administered drugs undergo enzymatic degradation in the gastrointestinal tract and first-pass metabolism in the liver, which tend to decrease their bioavailability. Intravenous infusions of medications are invasive, painful and stressful for patients and carry the risk of infections, tissue damage and other adverse reactions. In order to account for these disadvantages, alternative routes of drug delivery, such as transdermal, nasal, oromucosal, ocular and others, have been considered. Moreover, drug formulations have been modified in order to improve their storage stability, solubility, absorption and safety. Recently, stimuli-responsive polymers have been shown to achieve controlled release and enhance the bioavailability of multiple drugs. In this review, we discuss the most up-to-date use of stimuli-responsive materials in order to optimize the delivery of medications that are unstable to pH or undergo primary metabolism via transdermal, nasal, oromucosal and ocular routes. Release kinetics, diffusion parameters and permeation rate of the drug via the mucosa or skin are discussed as well.
Mucoadhesive properties , Nasal drug delivery , Ocular drug delivery , Oromucosal drug delivery , Stimuli-responsive polymers , Transdermal drug delivery
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Department of Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Chemistry, Pharmacognosy and Botany School of Pharmacy, Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, 050000, Kazakhstan
Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan, 010000, Kazakhstan
Department of Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Chemistry
Department of Medicine
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