Grey wolf genomic history reveals a dual ancestry of dogs

Bergström A. Stanton D.W.G. Taron U.H. Frantz L. Sinding M.-H.S. Ersmark E. Pfrengle S. Cassatt-Johnstone M. Lebrasseur O. Girdland-Flink L. Fernandes D.M. Ollivier M. Speidel L. Gopalakrishnan S. Westbury M.V. Ramos-Madrigal J. Feuerborn T.R. Reiter E. Gretzinger J. Münzel S.C. Swali P. Conard N.J. Carøe C. Haile J. Linderholm A. Androsov S. Barnes I. Baumann C. Benecke N. Bocherens H. Brace S. Carden R.F. Drucker D.G. Fedorov S. Gasparik M. Germonpré M. Grigoriev S. Groves P. Hertwig S.T. Ivanova V.V. Janssens L. Jennings R.P. Kasparov A.K. Kirillova I.V. Kurmaniyazov I. Kuzmin Y.V. Kosintsev P.A. Lázničková-Galetová M. Leduc C. Nikolskiy P. Nussbaumer M. O’Drisceoil C. Orlando L. Outram A. Pavlova E.Y. Perri A.R. Pilot M. Pitulko V.V. Plotnikov V.V. Protopopov A.V. Rehazek A. Sablin M. Seguin-Orlando A. Storå J. Verjux C. Zaibert V.F. Zazula G. Crombé P. Hansen A.J. Willerslev E. Leonard J.A. Götherström A. Pinhasi R. Schuenemann V.J. Hofreiter M. Gilbert M.T.P. Shapiro B. Larson G. Krause J. Dalén L. Skoglund P.
14 July 2022 Nature Research

Nature
2022 #607 Issue 7918 313 - 320 pp.

The grey wolf (Canis lupus) was the first species to give rise to a domestic population, and they remained widespread throughout the last Ice Age when many other large mammal species went extinct. Little is known, however, about the history and possible extinction of past wolf populations or when and where the wolf progenitors of the present-day dog lineage (Canis familiaris) lived^1–8. Here we analysed 72 ancient wolf genomes spanning the last 100,000 years from Europe, Siberia and North America. We found that wolf populations were highly connected throughout the Late Pleistocene, with levels of differentiation an order of magnitude lower than they are today. This population connectivity allowed us to detect natural selection across the time series, including rapid fixation of mutations in the gene IFT88 40,000–30,000 years ago. We show that dogs are overall more closely related to ancient wolves from eastern Eurasia than to those from western Eurasia, suggesting a domestication process in the east. However, we also found that dogs in the Near East and Africa derive up to half of their ancestry from a distinct population related to modern southwest Eurasian wolves, reflecting either an independent domestication process or admixture from local wolves. None of the analysed ancient wolf genomes is a direct match for either of these dog ancestries, meaning that the exact progenitor populations remain to be located.

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Ancient Genomics Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
Department of Bioinformatics and Genetics, Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm, Sweden
Centre for Palaeogenetics, Stockholm, Sweden
School of Biological and Behavioural Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
Evolutionary Adaptive Genomics, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
Palaeogenomics Group, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
The GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
The Qimmeq Project, University of Greenland, Nuuk, Greenland
Greenland Institute of Natural Resources, Nuuk, Greenland
Institute for Archaeological Sciences, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
Institute of Evolutionary Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, United States
The Palaeogenomics & Bio-Archaeology Research Network, Research Laboratory for Archaeology and History of Art, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
Department of Archaeology, School of Geosciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
CIAS, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
University of Rennes, CNRS, ECOBIO (Ecosystèmes, biodiversité, évolution)–UMR 6553, Rennes, France
Genetics Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany
Department of Early Prehistory and Quaternary Ecology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
Senckenberg Centre for Human Evolution and Palaeoenvironment, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
Department of Geological Sciences, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
Museum ‘Severnyi Mir’, Yakutsk, Russian Federation
Department of Earth Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom
Department of Geosciences and Geography, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
German Archaeological Institute, Berlin, Germany
Biogeology, Department of Geosciences, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
School of Archaeology, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
North-Eastern Federal University, Yakutsk, Russian Federation
Hungarian Natural History Museum, Budapest, Hungary
Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Brussels, Belgium
University of Alaska, Fairbanks, AK, United States
Naturhistorisches Museum Bern, Bern, Switzerland
Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
VNIIOkeangeologiya, St Petersburg, Russian Federation
University of Leiden, Leiden, Netherlands
Institute for the History of Material Culture, Russian Academy of Sciences, St Petersburg, Russian Federation
Ice Age Museum, Shidlovskiy National Alliance ‘Ice Age’, Moscow, Russian Federation
Department of Archaeology, Ethnology and Museology, Al-Farabi Kazakh State University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
Sobolev Institute of Geology and Mineralogy, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
Ural Federal University, Yekaterinburg, Russian Federation
Moravian Museum, Brno, Czech Republic
INRAP, Metz, France
Geological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
National Monuments Service, Department of Housing, Local Government and Heritage, Dublin, Ireland
Centre d’Anthropobiologie et de Génomique de Toulouse UMR 5288, CNRS, Faculté de Médecine Purpan, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
Department of Archaeology, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
Arctic & Antarctic Research Institute, St Petersburg, Russian Federation
PaleoWest, Henderson, NV, United States
Department of Anthropology, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, United States
Museum & Institute of Zoology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Gdańsk, Poland
Academy of Sciences of Sakha Republic, Yakutsk, Russian Federation
Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation
Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
Service Régional de l’Archéologie, Orléans, France
Institute of Archaeology and Steppe Civilizations, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
Yukon Palaeontology Program, Yukon Territories, Whitehorse, Canada
Collections and Research, Canadian Museum of Nature, Ottawa, ON, Canada
Department of Archaeology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
Estación Biológica de Doñana (EBD-CSIC), Sevilla, Spain
University Museum, NTNU, Trondheim, Norway
Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, United States
Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
Human Evolution and Archaeological Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria

Ancient Genomics Laboratory
Department of Bioinformatics and Genetics
Centre for Palaeogenetics
School of Biological and Behavioural Sciences
Evolutionary Adaptive Genomics
Palaeogenomics Group
The GLOBE Institute
Smurfit Institute of Genetics
The Qimmeq Project
Greenland Institute of Natural Resources
Institute for Archaeological Sciences
Institute of Evolutionary Medicine
Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology
The Palaeogenomics & Bio-Archaeology Research Network
Department of Archaeology
School of Biological and Environmental Sciences
Department of Evolutionary Anthropology
CIAS
University of Rennes
Genetics Institute
Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History
Department of Early Prehistory and Quaternary Ecology
Senckenberg Centre for Human Evolution and Palaeoenvironment
Texas A&M University
Department of Geological Sciences
Museum ‘Severnyi Mir’
Department of Earth Sciences
Department of Geosciences and Geography
German Archaeological Institute
Biogeology
School of Archaeology
North-Eastern Federal University
Hungarian Natural History Museum
Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences
University of Alaska
Naturhistorisches Museum Bern
Institute of Ecology and Evolution
VNIIOkeangeologiya
University of Leiden
Institute for the History of Material Culture
Ice Age Museum
Department of Archaeology
Sobolev Institute of Geology and Mineralogy
Ural Federal University
Moravian Museum
INRAP
Geological Institute
National Monuments Service
Centre d’Anthropobiologie et de Génomique de Toulouse UMR 5288
Department of Archaeology
Arctic & Antarctic Research Institute
PaleoWest
Department of Anthropology
Museum & Institute of Zoology
Academy of Sciences of Sakha Republic
Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences
Stockholm University
Service Régional de l’Archéologie
Institute of Archaeology and Steppe Civilizations
Yukon Palaeontology Program
Collections and Research
Department of Archaeology
Department of Zoology
Estación Biológica de Doñana (EBD-CSIC)
University Museum
Howard Hughes Medical Institute
Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology
Human Evolution and Archaeological Sciences

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