Global, regional, and national burden of household air pollution, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

Bennitt F.B. Wozniak S. Causey K. Spearman S. Okereke C. Garcia V. Hashmeh N. Ashbaugh C. Abdelkader A. Abdoun M. Abdurebi M.J. Abedi A. Zuñiga R.A.A. Aboagye R.G. Abubakar B. Abu-Zaid A. Adane M.M. Adegboye O.A. Adekanmbi V. Adepoju A.V. Adeyeoluwa T.E. Adeyomoye O.I. Adha R. Afzal M.S. Afzal S. Agide F.D. Ahmad A. Ahmad D. Ahmad M.M. Ahmad S. Ahmadi A. Ahmadi S. Ahmed A. Ahmed A. Ahmed H. Ajami M. Akinyemi R.O. Awaidy S.A. Hamad H.A. Alajlani M.M. Alemayohu M.A. Al-Gheethi A.A.S. Ali A. Ali W. Alif S.M. Almustanyir S. Alvis-Guzman N. Alvis-Zakzuk N.J. Aly H. Amu H. Amusa G.A. Anagaw T.F. Anuoluwa B.S. Anuoluwa I.A. Anvari S. Anyabolo E.E. Apostol G.L.C. Aravkin A.Y. Areda D. Aregawi B.B. Aremu O. Asgedom A.A. Ashemo M.Y. Ashraf T. Athari S.S. Azadnajafabad S. Azzam A.Y. Babu G.R. Bahramian S. Bam K. Banach M. Banik B. Baran M.F. Barone-Adesi F. Barteit S. Bashiru H.A. Baskaran P. Bastan M.-M. Basu S. Basu S. Belay S.A. Belayneh M. Beloukas A. Bennett D.A. Bhagat D.S. Bhandari D. Bhardwaj P. Bhaskar S. Bhat A.N. Bhattacharjee P. Bhatti G.K. Bhatti M.S.S. Bilgin C. Boampong M.S. Boppana S.H. Bosoka S.A. Boudalia S. Cao F. Chandika R.M. Chanie G.S. Chattu V.K. Chaudhary A.A. Chaurasia A. Chen G. Chen Y. Chimoriya R. Chong B. Christopher D.J. Chukwu I.S. Cohen A.J. Cruz-Martins N. Dadras O. Dai X. Daikwo P.U. Darcho S.D. Das S. Delgado-Saborit J.M. Desye B. Dey S. Dhimal M. Diaz D. Do T.C. Doshi O.P. EMar A.R. Ebrahimi A. Edinur H.A. Eftekharimehrabad A. Ekundayo T.C. Bayoumy I.F.E. Haque S.E. Emeto T.I. Enyew H.D. Fahim A. Fakunle A.G. Faridi S. Fazylov T. Feizkhah A. Fischer F. Folayan M.O. Sridevi G. Gadanya M.A. Gao X. Gebregergis M.W. Gebrehiwot M. Gebremeskel T.G. Ghasemzadeh A. Ghith N. Golechha M. Golinelli D. Guan S.-Y. Guo Z. Gupta B. Gupta L. Halwani R. Hasaballah A.I. Hasnain M.S. Hay S.I. Heyi D.Z. Hezam K. Hoan N.Q. Holla R. Hosseinzadeh H. Hu C. Huynh H.-H. Hwang B.-F. Ibitoye S.E. Idowu O.O. Ikiroma A. Immurana M. Inok A. Iqhrammullah M. Islam R.M. Islam S.M.S. Vinothini J. Jairoun A.A. Jaiswal A. Jakovljevic M. Yengejeh R.J. Janodia M.D. Jema A.T. Jha R.P. Jonas J.B. Joseph N. Kadashetti V. Kanmodi K.K. Kansal S.K. Karaye I.M. Kayode G.A. Khajuria H. Khalaji A. Khanal V. Khatab K. Kheirallah K.A. Khosla A.A. Khosravi M. Km S. Knibbs L.D. Koren G. Koul P.A. Krishan K. Defo B.K. Kuddus M. Kulimbet M. Kulkarni V. Kumar A. Kumar D. Kumar N. Kurmi O.P. Lahariya C. Lai H. Lan T. Lauriola P. Le N.H.H. Lee M. Lee S.W. Lim S.S. Liu G. Liu S. Liu W. López-Gil J.F. Lusk J.B. Maharaj S.B. Malhotra K. Malik A.A. Malik I. Malinga L.A. Mathioudakis A.G. Mattiello R. Maugeri A. Meto T.M. Meles H.N. Menezes R.G. Meo S.A. Mereta S.T. Meretoja T.J. Mestrovic T. Mhlanga L. Miller T.R. Mirica A. Mirrakhimov E.M. Mirza M. Misganaw A. Mithra P. Mohamed J. Mohamed N.S. Mohammadian-Hafshejani A. Mohammed M. Mohammed S. Mokdad A.H. Momani S. Mondal H. Morawska L. Motappa R. Mubarik S. Munjal K. Munkhsaikhan Y. Murray C.J.L. Myung W. Nair S. Nangia V. Naveed M. Nawsherwan Ndejjo R. Nguyen D. Nguyen H.Q. Nguyen V.T. Nikolouzakis T.K. Niranjan V. Noman E.A. Noor S.T.A. Baghani A.N. Noubiap J.J. Nzoputam O.J. Oancea B. Odetokun I.A. Odo D.B. Ofakunrin A.O.D. Oghenetega O.B. Okonji O.C. Olagunju A.T. Olasehinde T.A. Olufadewa I.I. Oluwatunase G.O. Bali A.O. Ommati M.M. Omotayo A.O. Ondayo M.A. Otoiu A. Owolabi M.O. Mahesh P.P.A. Padubidri J.R. Pantazopoulos I. Pardhan S. Parija P.P. Parikh R.R. Park E.-K. Parthasarathi A. Patel J. Pati S. Pawar S. Peprah P. Pereira G. Perianayagam A. Pham H.T. Poluru R. Pourshams A. Pradhan J. Prates E.J.S. Pribadi D.R.A. Puvvula J. Rafiee A. Raghav P. Rahim F. Rahman M.H.U. Rahman M. Rahman M.A. Rahmani A.M. Rahmanian M. Rajaa S. Rajabi R. Rajput P. Ramadan M.M. Rana J. Rana K. Ranabhat C.L. Rasali D.P. Rauniyar S.K. Rawaf S. Redwan E.M.M.M. Rezaei N. Rodriguez J.A.B. Röhr S. Roshandel G. Rout H.S. Roy P. Russo M. Sabet C.J. Saddik B.A. Saeed U. Sharif-Askari N.S. Sahebkar A. Sahoo P.M. Salami A.A. Salihu D. Samy A.M. Santric-Milicevic M.M. Sarkar T. Satpathy M. Saya G.K. Sayeed M.A. Schumacher A.E. Sergindo M.T. Sethi Y. Seylani A. Shahid S. Sham S. Shamim M.A. Shamsi A. Sheikh A. Shetty P.H. Shittu A. Shiue I. Siddig E.E. Singh P. Singh S. Siraj M.S. Stanaway J.D. Stockfelt L. Straif K. Swain C.K. Vetha B.S.S. Tabatabaei S.M. Tampa M. Tang H. Tanwar M. Tarkang E.E. Tefera Y.M. Temsah M.-H. Temsah R.M.H. Thakur R. Thienemann F. Tibebu N.S. Tiwari K. Tovani-Palone M.R. Tripathy J.P. Tsatsakis A. Tumurkhuu M. Udoakang A.J. Ullah S. Vahdati S. Vaziri S. Verma M. Vidale S. Villani S. Vohra K. Vos T. Wassie G.T. Weldetinsaa H.L. Werkneh A.A. Wickramasinghe N.D. Wojewodzic M.W. Wonde T.E. Wu F. Wu Z. Xiao H. Xu S. Yadav M.K. Syed S.Y. Yaya S. Yiǧit A. Yiǧit V. Yin D. Yon D.K. Yonemoto N. Yu C. Zaki L. Zeariya M.G.M. Zeng Y. Zhai C. Zhang H. Zhang Z. Zhu B. Zyoud S.H. Zyoud S.H. Brauer M. Burkart K.
5 April 2025 Elsevier B.V.

The Lancet
2025 #405 Issue 10485 1167 - 1181 pp.

Background: Despite a substantial reduction in the use of solid fuels for cooking worldwide, exposure to household air pollution (HAP) remains a leading global risk factor, contributing considerably to the burden of disease. We present a comprehensive analysis of spatial patterns and temporal trends in exposure and attributable disease from 1990 to 2021, featuring substantial methodological updates compared with previous iterations of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study, including improved exposure estimations accounting for specific fuel types. Methods: We estimated HAP exposure and trends and attributable burden for cataract, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, ischaemic heart disease, lower respiratory infections, tracheal cancer, bronchus cancer, lung cancer, stroke, type 2 diabetes, and causes mediated via adverse reproductive outcomes for 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2021. We first estimated the mean fuel type-specific concentrations (in μg/m³) of fine particulate matter (PM_2·5) pollution to which individuals using solid fuels for cooking were exposed, categorised by fuel type, location, year, age, and sex. Using a systematic review of the epidemiological literature and a newly developed meta-regression tool (meta-regression: Bayesian, regularised, trimmed), we derived disease-specific, non-parametric exposure–response curves to estimate relative risk as a function of PM_2·5 concentration. We combined our exposure estimates and relative risks to estimate population attributable fractions and attributable burden for each cause by sex, age, location, and year. Findings: In 2021, 2·67 billion (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 2·63–2·71) people, 33·8% (95% UI 33·2–34·3) of the global population, were exposed to HAP from all sources at a mean concentration of 84·2 μg/m³. Although these figures show a notable reduction in the percentage of the global population exposed in 1990 (56·7%, 56·4–57·1), in absolute terms, there has been only a decline of 0·35 billion (10%) from the 3·02 billion people exposed to HAP in 1990. In 2021, 111 million (95% UI 75·1–164) global disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) were attributable to HAP, accounting for 3·9% (95% UI 2·6–5·7) of all DALYs. The rate of global, HAP-attributable DALYs in 2021 was 1500·3 (95% UI 1028·4–2195·6) age-standardised DALYs per 100 000 population, a decline of 63·8% since 1990, when HAP-attributable DALYs comprised 4147·7 (3101·4–5104·6) age-standardised DALYs per 100 000 population. HAP-attributable burden remained highest in sub-Saharan Africa and south Asia, with 4044·1 (3103·4–5219·7) and 3213·5 (2165·4–4409·4) age-standardised DALYs per 100 000 population, respectively. The rate of HAP-attributable DALYs was higher for males (1530·5, 1023·4–2263·6) than for females (1318·5, 866·1–1977·2). Approximately one-third of the HAP-attributable burden (518·1, 410·1–641·7) was mediated via short gestation and low birthweight. Decomposition of trends and drivers behind changes in the HAP-attributable burden highlighted that declines in exposures were counteracted by population growth in most regions of the world, especially sub-Saharan Africa. Interpretation: Although the burden attributable to HAP has decreased considerably, HAP remains a substantial risk factor, especially in sub-Saharan Africa and south Asia. Our comprehensive estimates of HAP exposure and attributable burden offer a robust and reliable resource for health policy makers and practitioners to precisely target and tailor health interventions. Given the persistent and substantial impact of HAP in many regions and countries, it is imperative to accelerate efforts to transition under-resourced communities to cleaner household energy sources. Such initiatives are crucial for mitigating health risks and promoting sustainable development, ultimately improving the quality of life and health outcomes for millions of people. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.

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Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, United States
Weill Cornell Medical College, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
Research, Insights, and Innovation ,Independent Consultant, Seattle, WA, United States
Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, Ajman University, United Arab Emirates
Department of Mathematics and Sciences, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
Nonlinear Dynamics Research Center (NDRC)., Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
United Arab Emirates Research, Center for Medical and Bio-Allied Health Sciences, Ajman University, United Arab Emirates
Department of Medicine, University of Setif Algeria, Sétif, Algeria
Department of Health, Sétif, Algeria
Department of Public Health, Bule Hora University, Bule Hora, Ethiopia
Department of Nursing, Rift Valley University, Robe, Ethiopia
Department of Emergency Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
Department of Immunology, University of Sierrasur, Miahuatlan de Porfirio Diaz, Mexico
Postgraduate Department, University of Sierrasur, Miahuatlan de Porfirio Diaz, Mexico
Yhteiskuntadatatieteen Keskus (Centre for Social Data Science), Finland
University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
Department of Family and Community Health, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
Department of Population and Behavioural Sciences, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
Institute of Health Research, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria
Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria
Clinical Science Department, Lagos, Nigeria
Nigerian Institute of Medical Research, Lagos, Nigeria
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
College of Pharmacy, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
College of Graduate Health Sciences, University of Tennessee, Memphis, TN, United States
College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
Department of Health Promotion, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
Department of Biomedical Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
Department of Public Health, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, NT, Australia
Menzies School of Health Research, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
Department of Hiv and Infectious Diseases, Jhpiego, Abuja, Nigeria
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Institute for Advanced Medical Research and Training, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
Department of Health Promotion and Education, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
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Department of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
Department of Statistics, National Chengchi University, Taipei, Taiwan
Department of Life Sciences, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan
Department of Community Medicine, King Edward Memorial Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan
Department of Public Health, Public Health Institute, Lahore, Pakistan
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Department of Public Health, Wachemo University, Hossana, Ethiopia
College of Medicine, Shaqra University, Shaqra, Saudi Arabia
School of Medicine and Psychology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
Public Health Foundation of India, Gandhinagar, India
School of Nursing, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
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Modeling in Health Research Center, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Iran
Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
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Department of Womens and Childrens Health, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
Institute of Endemic Diseases, Sudan
Unit of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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School of Medicine and Public Health, Ateneo de Manila University, Pasig City, Philippines
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Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Adigrat University, Adigrat, Ethiopia
Department of Public Health, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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Department of Environmental Health Sciences and Technology, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
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Department of Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
School of Dentistry, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
Aside Healthcare, Lewes, DE, United States
Faculty of Medicine, October 6 University, 6th of October City, Egypt
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Social and Economic Survey Research Institute, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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School of Nursing and Midwifery, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
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Polish Mothers Memorial Hospital Research Institute, Lodz, Poland
Manna Institute, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia
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Department of Translational Medicine, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara, Italy
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Department of Animal Sciences, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
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School of Public Health, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
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Global Health Neurology Lab, Nsw Brain Clot Bank, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Division of Cerebrovascular Medicine and Neurology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan
Department of General Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India
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Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India
Department of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge University Hospitals Nhs Foundation Trust, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, United States
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Concord Institute of Academic Surgery, Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Concord Clinical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Department of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Christian Medical College and Hospital (CMC), Vellore, India
Department of Paediatric Surgery, Federal Medical Centre, Umuahia, Nigeria
Health Effects Institute, Boston, MA, United States
Department of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Technologies, Coop. de Ensino Sup. Politécnico e Universitário (Polytech. and Univ. Higher Educ. Cooperative), Vila Nova de Famalicão, Portugal
Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (I3S), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
Research Center for Child Psychiatry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
Department of Public Health, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
Department of Biochemistry, Ministry of Health and Welfare, New Delhi, India
Department of Medicine, Universitat Jaume, Castellon, Spain
Department of Environmental Health, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia
Centre for Atmospheric Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India
Research Department, Kathmandu, Nepal
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Department of Community Medicine, Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano, Nigeria
Department of Biostatistics, China
Key Lab of Environment and Health, China
Department of Epidemiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
College of Medicine and Public Health, Aksum University, Aksum, Ethiopia
Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
Research Group for Childhood Cancer, Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen, Denmark
Department of Health Systems and Policy Research, Indian Institute of Public Health, Gandhinagar, India
Department of Life Sciences Health and Healthcare Professions, Link Campus University, Rome, Italy
Health Services Research, Evaluation and Policy Unit, Ausl della Romagna, Ravenna, Italy
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
Group Health Department, Nanyang Central Hospital, Nanyang, China
Department of Public Health, Torrens University Australia, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
Department of Anaesthesia, Maulana Azad Medical College, New Delhi, India
Clinical Sciences Department, N Saheb Sharif-Askari, United Arab Emirates
College of Medicine, Australia
Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
Department of Zoology and Entomology, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
Department of Pharmacy, Marwadi University, Rajkot, India
Department of Public Health, Madda Walabu University, Robe, Ethiopia
Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Taiz University, Taiz, Yemen
School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
School of Dentistry, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Viet Nam
Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
School of Health and Society, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
Department of Psychology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
International Master Program for Translational Science, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
Department of Occupational Safety and Health, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
Department of Occupational Therapy, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
Collaborative Alliance Research and Education (CARE) Programme, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Muhammadiyah Aceh, Banda Aceh, Indonesia
Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC, Australia
Department of Health and Safety, Dubai Municipality, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
Centre for Community Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
The World Academy of Sciences Unesco, Trieste, Italy
Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong, China
Department of Environmental Engineering, Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz, Iran
Malla Reddy Vishwa Vidyapeeth, Hyderabad, India
Department of Biochemistry, Government Medical College, Mysuru, India
Department of Public Health, Madda Walabu University, Goba, Ethiopia
Department of Community Medicine, Dr. Baba Saheb Ambedkar Medical College and Hospital, Delhi, India
Department of Community Medicine, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
Rothschild Foundation Hospital, Institut Français de Myopie, Paris, France
Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore
Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, India
Department of Public Health Dentistry, Krishna Vishwa Vidyapeeth (Deemed to Be University), Karad, India
Faculty of Dentistry, University of Puthisastra, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
Cephas Health Research Initiative Inc, Office of the Executive Director, Ibadan, Nigeria
Dr. S S Bhatnagar University Institute of Chemical Engineering and Technology, India
Department of Anthropology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
School of Health Professions and Human Services, Hofstra University, Hempstead, NY, United States
Department of Anesthesiology, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, United States
International Research Center of Excellence, Institute of Human Virology Nigeria, Abuja, Nigeria
Julius Centre for Health Sciences and Primary Care, Netherlands
Copernicus Institute of Sustainable Development, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
Amity Institute of Forensic Sciences, India
Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University, Noida, India
Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Institute, Tehran, Iran
Department of Health, Nepal Development Society, Chitwan, Nepal
Menzies School of Health Research, Department of Preventable Non Communicable Disease, Alice Springs, NT, Australia
College of Health Wellbeing and Life Sciences, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, United Kingdom
College of Arts and Sciences, Ohio University, Zanesville, OH, United States
Department of Public Health, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
Department of Internal Medicine, Corewell Health East William Beaumont University Hospital, Royal Oak, MI, United States
Department of Medical Oncology, Miami Cancer Institute, Miami, FL, United States
Department of Health Management and Economics, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran
Department of Internal and Pulmonary Medicine, Sheri Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences, Srinagar, India
Department of Demography, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
Department of Biochemistry, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia
Department of Public Health, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia
Center of Medicine and Public Health, Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
Director of Central Asia Research Collaboration Group, Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
Department of Medicine, Queensland Health, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
Department of Informatics and Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
Department of Community Medicine, Rajendra Institute of Medical Sciences, Ranchi, India
Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, United Kingdom
Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
Integrated Department of Epidemiology Health Policy, Preventive Medicine and Pediatrics, Foundation for People-centric Health Systems, New Delhi, India
Centre for Health: the Specialty Practice, New Delhi, India
Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Northern Jiangsu Peoples Hospital, Yangzhou, China
Department of Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis, St Louis, MO, United States
International Society of Doctors for the Environment, Arezzo, Italy
Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
Department of General Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
Department of Cardiovascular Research, Methodist Hospital, Merrillville, IN, United States
Department of Medical Science, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
Department of Precision Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon-si, South Korea
School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Department of Cardiology, Guiqian International General Hospital, Guiyang, China
Institute for Health and Environment, Chongqing University of Science and Technology, Chongqing, China
One Health Research Group, Universidad de Las Américas (University of the Americas), Quito, Ecuador
Department of Population Health Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
School of Pharmacy, University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
Planetary Health Alliance, Boston, MA, United States
Rama Medical College Hospital and Research Centre, Uttar Pradesh, India
Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
Rabigh Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Department of Electrical Engineering, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al Kharj, Saudi Arabia
Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
Department of Health Research, Ministry of Health, Pretoria, South Africa
Division of Immunology Immunity to Infection and Respiratory Medicine, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
North West Lung Centre, Manchester University Nhs Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom
Department of Social Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande Dosul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies Gf Ingrassia, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
Department of Public Health, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
Division of Forensic Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
Department of Physiology, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Comprehensive Cancer Center, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
University Centre Varazdin, University North, Varazdin, Croatia
Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
South African Centre for Epidemiological Modelling and Analysis (SACEMA), Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, Beltsville, MD, United States
School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
Department of Statistics and Econometrics, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Bucharest, Romania
Internal Medicine Programme, Kyrgyz State Medical Academy, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
Department of Atherosclerosis and Coronary Heart Disease, National Center of Cardiology and Internal Disease, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
Department of Hospital Administration, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bathinda, India
Department of Radiodiagnosis, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bathinda, India
Department of Community Medicine and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bathinda, India
National Data Management Center for Health, Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
College of Applied and Natural Science, University of Hargeisa, Hargeisa, Somalia
Sirius Training and Research Centre, Molecular Biology Unit, Khartoum, Sudan
Sirius Training and Research Centre, Bio-Statistical and Molecular Biology Department, Khartoum, Sudan
Health Systems and Policy Research Unit, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
Heidelberg Institute of Global Health (HIGH), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
Department of Mathematics, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
Department of Physiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Deoghar, India
International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
Unit of Pharmacotherapy Epidemiology and Economics, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
Department of Community and Global Health, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
Department of Neuropsychiatry, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, South Korea
Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Government Medical College, Thrissur, India
Health Action by People, Trivandrum, India
Suraj Eye Institute, Nagpur, India
Department of Biotechnology, University of Central Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
Fujian Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
Department of Disease Control and Environmental Health, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States
Department of Medical Engineering, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
Cardiovascular Research Department, Methodist Hospital, Merrillville, IN, United States
Oxford Univers

Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
Weill Cornell Medical College
Research
Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation
Department of Applied Mathematics
Department of Health Metrics Sciences
Department of Mathematics and Sciences
Nonlinear Dynamics Research Center (NDRC).
United Arab Emirates Research
Department of Medicine
Department of Health
Department of Public Health
Department of Nursing
Department of Emergency Medicine
Department of Immunology
Postgraduate Department
Yhteiskuntadatatieteen Keskus (Centre for Social Data Science)
University of Helsinki
Department of Family and Community Health
Department of Population and Behavioural Sciences
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics
Institute of Health Research
Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology
Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine
Clinical Science Department
Nigerian Institute of Medical Research
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine
College of Medicine
College of Pharmacy
College of Graduate Health Sciences
College of Medicine and Health Sciences
Department of Health Promotion
Department of Biomedical Sciences
Department of Public Health
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics
Menzies School of Health Research
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology
Department of Hiv and Infectious Diseases
Department of Adolescent Research and Care
Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics
Department of Physiology
Department of Environmental and Occupational Health
Department of Microbiology
Department of Chemistry
Department of Anatomy
Department of Biosciences and Biotechnology
Department of Veterinary Medicine
Institute for Advanced Medical Research and Training
Department of Health Promotion and Education
Faculty of Public Health
Department of Medicine
Department of Statistics
Department of Life Sciences
Department of Community Medicine
Department of Public Health
Department of Health Education and Health Promotion
Department of Public Health
College of Medicine
School of Medicine and Psychology
Public Health Foundation of India
School of Nursing
Department of Health and Biological Sciences
Department of Natural Sciences
Modeling in Health Research Center
Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences
Department of Epidemiology
School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine
National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute
Student Research Committee
International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research
Department of Womens and Childrens Health
Institute of Endemic Diseases
Unit of Basic Medical Sciences
Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute
Department of Biosciences
Institute of Neuroscience
The Translational and Clinical Institute
Department of Communicable Diseases
Middle East
Department of Geriatric and Long Term Care
Rumailah Hospital
Faculty of Pharmacy
Department of Biostatistics and Clinical Epidemiology
Department of Public Health Experimental and Forensic Medicine
Clinical Research Centre
Department of Environmental Health
Department of Environmental Health and Behavioral Sciences
Global Centre for Environmental Remediation
Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment
Department of Zoology
Department of Geography
Institute of Health and Wellbeing
Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine
Ministry of Health
Research Group in Health Economics
Research Group in Hospital Management and Health Policies
Department of Economic Sciences
National Institute of Health
Department of Pediatrics
Department of Medicine
Department of Pediatrics
Department of Internal Medicine
Department of Pediatrics
Regenerative Medicine
Department of Social Medicine and Epidemiology
Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences
Operations Department
School of Medicine and Public Health
Department of Health Philippines
College of Art and Science
School of Life Sciences
College of Medicine and Health Sciences
Department of Midwifery
Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences
Department of Public Health
Department of Public Health
Department of Environmental Health Sciences and Technology
Pioneer Journal of Biostatistics and Medical Research (PJBMR)
Department of Surgery
School of Dentistry
Aside Healthcare
Faculty of Medicine
Department of Population Medicine
Qu Health
Social and Economic Survey Research Institute
School of Medicine
Department of Medicine
School of Nursing and Midwifery
Department of Hypertension
Polish Mothers Memorial Hospital Research Institute
Manna Institute
Vocational School of Technical Sciences
Department of Translational Medicine
Heidelberg Institute of Global Health (HIGH)
Department of Animal Sciences
Department of Child Dental Health
Department of Community Medicine
Non-communicable Diseases Research Center
Iranian Research Center for HIV/AIDS (IRCHA)
Institute for Environmental Research
School of Medicine
Digestive Diseases Research Institute
School of Medicine
Department of Health Economics
Department of Medicine
Center for Primary Care
Division of General Internal Medicine
School of Public Health
Department of Primary Care and Public Health Imperial College London
The George Institute for Global Health
Department of Academics
Department of Public Health
Department of Biomedical Sciences
National Aids Reference Center of Southern Greece
Nuffield Department of Population Health
Department of Forensic Chemistry
School of Public Health
Department of Community Medicine and Family Medicine
School of Public Health
Department of Pharmacology
Global Health Neurology Lab
Division of Cerebrovascular Medicine and Neurology
Department of General Medicine
Department of Community Medicine
Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology
Department of Clinical Medicine
Department of Medical Lab Technology
Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences
Department of Radiology
Neurovascular Research Laboratory
Department of Sociology and Social Work
Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine
Department of International Health
Disease Surveillance Department
Faculty of Natural Sciences and Life Sciences
Department of Ophthalmology
Clinical Nutrition Department
Department of Clinical Pharmacy
Temerty Faculty of Medicine
Department of Community Medicine
Department of Biology
Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology
Department of Stomatology
Department of Occupational and Environmental Health
Division of Gastroenterology
Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Development and Regeneration
Centre for Health Management and Policy Research
National Health Commission of China (NHC) Key Laboratory of Health Economics and Policy Research
Concord Institute of Academic Surgery
Concord Clinical School
School of Public Health
School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
Department of Medicine
Department of Pulmonary Medicine
Department of Paediatric Surgery
Health Effects Institute
Department of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Technologies
Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (I3S)
Research Center for Child Psychiatry
Department of Public Health
Department of Biochemistry
Department of Medicine
Department of Environmental Health
Centre for Atmospheric Sciences
Research Department
Institute of Occupational Social and Environmental Medicine
Faculty of Science
Department of Medicine
Independent Consultant
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery
School of Health Sciences
Department of Biochemistry
Azerbaijan State University of Economics (UNEC)
Department of Public Health and Community Medicine
School of Public Health
Department of Research
Department of Public Health and Tropical Medicine
Department of Clinical and Community Pharmacy
Debre Tabor University
Department of Oral Biology
Department of Public Health
Laboratory of Experimental Medicine
Research and Publication Activity Division
Institute of Public Health
Department of Community Medicine and Family Medicine
Department of Community Medicine
Department of Community Medicine
Department of Biostatistics
Key Lab of Environment and Health
Department of Epidemiology
College of Medicine and Public Health
College of Medicine and Public Health
Immunology Research Center
Research Group for Childhood Cancer
Department of Health Systems and Policy Research
Department of Life Sciences Health and Healthcare Professions
Health Services Research
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics
Group Health Department
Department of Public Health
Department of Anaesthesia
Clinical Sciences Department
College of Medicine
Department of Clinical Sciences
Department of Zoology and Entomology
Department of Pharmacy
Department of Public Health
Department of Microbiology
School of Medicine
School of Dentistry
Kasturba Medical College
School of Health and Society
Department of Psychology
International Master Program for Translational Science
Department of Occupational Safety and Health
Department of Occupational Therapy
Collaborative Alliance Research and Education (CARE) Programme
Faculty of Health and Life Sciences
Faculty of Public Health
Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition
Department of Health and Safety
Centre for Community Medicine
The World Academy of Sciences Unesco
Shaanxi University of Technology
Department of Environmental Engineering
Malla Reddy Vishwa Vidyapeeth
Department of Biochemistry
Department of Public Health
Department of Community Medicine
Department of Community Medicine
Rothschild Foundation Hospital
Singapore Eye Research Institute
Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology
Department of Public Health Dentistry
Faculty of Dentistry
Cephas Health Research Initiative Inc
Dr. S S Bhatnagar University Institute of Chemical Engineering and Technology
Department of Anthropology
School of Health Professions and Human Services
Department of Anesthesiology
International Research Center of Excellence
Julius Centre for Health Sciences and Primary Care
Copernicus Institute of Sustainable Development
Amity Institute of Forensic Sciences
Amity Institute of Pharmacy
Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Institute
Department of Health
Menzies School of Health Research
College of Health Wellbeing and Life Sciences
College of Arts and Sciences
Department of Public Health
Department of Internal Medicine
Department of Medical Oncology
Department of Health Management and Economics
Department of Internal and Pulmonary Medicine
Department of Demography
Department of Social and Preventive Medicine
Department of Biochemistry
Department of Public Health
Center of Medicine and Public Health
Director of Central Asia Research Collaboration Group
Department of Medicine
Department of Cardiovascular Medicine
Department of Informatics and Radiology
Department of Community Medicine
Faculty of Health and Life Sciences
Department of Medicine
Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences
Integrated Department of Epidemiology Health Policy
Centre for Health: the Specialty Practice
Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine
Department of Surgery
International Society of Doctors for the Environment
Faculty of Medicine
Department of General Medicine
Department of Cardiovascular Research
Department of Medical Science
Department of Precision Medicine
School of Life Sciences
Department of Cardiology
Institute for Health and Environment
One Health Research Group
Department of Population Health Sciences
School of Pharmacy
Planetary Health Alliance
Rama Medical College Hospital and Research Centre
Institute of Applied Health Research
Geography
Rabigh Faculty of Medicine
Department of Electrical Engineering
Department of Medical Microbiology
Department of Health Research
Division of Immunology Immunity to Infection and Respiratory Medicine
North West Lung Centre
Department of Social Medicine
Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies Gf Ingrassia
Department of Public Health
Division of Forensic Medicine
Department of Physiology
Pediatric Intensive Care Unit
Comprehensive Cancer Center
University Centre Varazdin
Northwestern University
South African Centre for Epidemiological Modelling and Analysis (SACEMA)
Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation
School of Public Health
Department of Statistics and Econometrics
Internal Medicine Programme
Department of Atherosclerosis and Coronary Heart Disease
Department of Hospital Administration
Department of Radiodiagnosis
Department of Community Medicine and Family Medicine
National Data Management Center for Health
College of Applied and Natural Science
Sirius Training and Research Centre
Sirius Training and Research Centre
Health Systems and Policy Research Unit
Heidelberg Institute of Global Health (HIGH)
Department of Mathematics
Department of Physiology
International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health
Unit of Pharmacotherapy Epidemiology and Economics
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics
Department of Community and Global Health
Department of Psychiatry
Department of Neuropsychiatry
Department of Pulmonary Medicine
Health Action by People
Suraj Eye Institute
Department of Biotechnology
Fujian Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Cardiovascular Diseases
Department of Disease Control and Environmental Health
Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health
Department of Medical Engineering
Cardiovascular Research Department
Oxford Univers

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