Global, regional, and national incidence and mortality burden of non-COVID-19 lower respiratory infections and aetiologies, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

Bender R.G. Sirota S.B. Swetschinski L.R. Dominguez R.-M.V. Novotney A. Wool E.E. Ikuta K.S. Vongpradith A. Rogowski E.L.B. Doxey M. Troeger C.E. Albertson S.B. Ma J. He J. Maass K.L. Simões E.A.F. Abdoun M. Aziz J.M.A. Abdulah D.M. Rumeileh S.A. Abualruz H. Aburuz S. Adepoju A.V. Adha R. Adikusuma W. Adra S. Afraz A. Aghamiri S. Agodi A. Ahmadzade A.M. Ahmed H. Ahmed A. Akinosoglou K. AL-Ahdal T.M.A. Al-Amer R.M. Albashtawy M. AlBataineh M.T. Alemi H. Al-Gheethi A.A.S. Ali A. Ali S.S.S. Alqahtani J.S. AlQudah M. Al-Tawfiq J.A. Al-Worafi Y.M. Alzoubi K.H. Amani R. Amegbor P.M. Ameyaw E.K. Amuasi J.H. Anil A. Anyanwu P.E. Arafat M. Areda D. Arefnezhad R. Atalell K.A. Ayele F. Azzam A.Y. Babamohamadi H. Babin F.-X. Bahurupi Y. Baker S. Banik B. Barchitta M. Barqawi H.J. Basharat Z. Baskaran P. Batra K. Batra R. Bayileyegn N.S. Beloukas A. Berkley J.A. Beyene K.A. Bhargava A. Bhattacharjee P. Bielicki J.A. Bilalaga M.M. Bitra V.R. Brown C.S. Burkart K. Bustanji Y. Carr S. Chahine Y. Chattu V.K. Chichagi F. Chopra H. Chukwu I.S. Chung E. Dadana S. Dai X. Dandona L. Dandona R. Darban I. Dash N.R. Dashti M. Dashtkoohi M. Dekker D.M. Delgado-Enciso I. Devanbu V.G.C. Dhama K. Diao N. Do T.H.P. Dokova K.G. Dolecek C. Dziedzic A.M. Eckmanns T. Ed-Dra A. Efendi F. Eftekharimehrabad A. Eyre D.W. Fahim A. Feizkhah A. Felton T.W. Ferreira N. Flor L.S. Gaihre S. Gebregergis M.W. Gebrehiwot M. Geffers C. Gerema U. Ghaffari K. Goldust M. Goleij P. Guan S.-Y. Gudeta M.D. Guo C. Gupta V.B. Gupta I. Habibzadeh F. Hadi N.R. Haeuser E. Hailu W.B. Hajibeygi R. Haj-Mirzaian A. Haller S. Hamiduzzaman M. Hanifi N. Hansel J. Hasnain M.S. Haubold J. Hoan N.Q. Huynh H.-H. Iregbu K.C. Islam M.R. Jafarzadeh A. Jairoun A.A. Jalili M. Jomehzadeh N. Joshua C.E. Kabir M.A. Kamal Z. Kanmodi K.K. Kantar R.S. Behnagh A.K. Kaur N. Kaur H. Khamesipour F. Khan M.N. Khan Suheb M.Z. Khanal V. Khatab K. Khatib M.N. Kim G. Kim K. Kitila A.T.T. Komaki S. Krishan K. Krumkamp R. Kuddus M.A. Kurniasari M.D. Lahariya C. Latifinaibin K. Le N.H.H. Le T.T.T. Le T.D.T. Lee S.W. Lepape A. Lerango T.L. Li M.-C. Mahboobipour A.A. Malhotra K. Mallhi T.H. Manoharan A. Martinez-Guerra B.A. Mathioudakis A.G. Mattiello R. May J. McManigal B. McPhail S.M. Meto T.M. Mendez-Lopez M.A. Meo S.A. Merati M. Mestrovic T. Mhlanga L. Minh L.H.N. Misganaw A. Mishra V. Misra A.K. Mohamed N.S. Mohammadi E. Mohammed M. Mohammed M. Mokdad A.H. Monasta L. Moore C.E. Motappa R. Mougin V. Mousavi P. Mulita F. Mulu A.A. Naghavi P. Naik G.R. Nainu F. Nair T.S. Nargus S. Negaresh M. Nguyen H.T.H. Nguyen D.H. Nguyen V.T. Nikolouzakis T.K. Noman E.A. Nri-Ezedi C.A. Odetokun I.A. Okwute P.G. Olana M.D. Olanipekun T.O. Olasupo O.O. Olivas-Martinez A. Ordak M. Ortiz-Brizuela E. Ouyahia A. Padubidri J.R. Pak A. Pandey A. Pantazopoulos I. Parija P.P. Parikh R.R. Park S. Parthasarathi A. Pashaei A. Peprah P. Pham H.T. Poddighe D. Pollard A. Ponce-De-Leon A. Prakash P.Y. Prates E.J.S. Quan N.K. Raee P. Rahim F. Rahman M. Rahmati M. Ramasamy S.K. Ranjan S. Rao I.R. Rashid A.M. Rattanavong S. Ravikumar N. Reddy M.M.R.K. Redwan E.M.M. Reiner R.C., Jr. Reyes L.F. Roberts T. Rodrigues M. Rosenthal V.D. Roy P. Runghien T. Saeed U. Saghazadeh A. Sharif-Askari N.S. Saheb Sharif-Askari F. Sahoo S.S. Sahu M. Sakshaug J.W. Salami A.A. Saleh M.A. Salehi Omran H. Sallam M. Samadzadeh S. Samodra Y.L. Sanjeev R.K. Sarasmita M.A. Saravanan A. Sartorius B. Saulam J. Schumacher A.E. Seyedi S.A. Shafie M. Shahid S. Sham S. Shamim M.A. Shamshirgaran M.A. Shastry R.P. Sherchan S.P. Shiferaw D. Shittu A. Siddig E.E. Sinto R. Sood A. Sorensen R.J.D. Stergachis A. Stoeva T.Z. Swain C.K. Szarpak L. Tamuzi J.L. Temsah M.-H. Tessema M.B.T. Thangaraju P. Tran N.M. Tran N.-H. Tumurkhuu M. Ty S.S. Udoakang A.J. Ulhaq I. Umar T.P. Umer A.A. Vahabi S.M. Vaithinathan A.G. Van den Eynde J. Walson J.L. Waqas M. Xing Y. Yadav M.K. Yahya G. Yon D.K. Bialvaei A.Z. Zakham F. Zeleke A.M. Zhai C. Zhang Z. Zhang H. Zielinska M. Zheng P. Aravkin A.Y. Vos T. Hay S.I. Mosser J.F. Lim S.S. Naghavi M. Murray C.J.L. Kyu H.H.
September 2024 Elsevier Ltd

The Lancet Infectious Diseases
2024 #24 Issue 9 974 - 1002 pp.

Background: Lower respiratory infections (LRIs) are a major global contributor to morbidity and mortality. In 2020–21, non-pharmaceutical interventions associated with the COVID-19 pandemic reduced not only the transmission of SARS-CoV-2, but also the transmission of other LRI pathogens. Tracking LRI incidence and mortality, as well as the pathogens responsible, can guide health-system responses and funding priorities to reduce future burden. We present estimates from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2021 of the burden of non-COVID-19 LRIs and corresponding aetiologies from 1990 to 2021, inclusive of pandemic effects on the incidence and mortality of select respiratory viruses, globally, regionally, and for 204 countries and territories. Methods: We estimated mortality, incidence, and aetiology attribution for LRI, defined by the GBD as pneumonia or bronchiolitis, not inclusive of COVID-19. We analysed 26 259 site-years of mortality data using the Cause of Death Ensemble model to estimate LRI mortality rates. We analysed all available age-specific and sex-specific data sources, including published literature identified by a systematic review, as well as household surveys, hospital admissions, health insurance claims, and LRI mortality estimates, to generate internally consistent estimates of incidence and prevalence using DisMod-MR 2.1. For aetiology estimation, we analysed multiple causes of death, vital registration, hospital discharge, microbial laboratory, and literature data using a network analysis model to produce the proportion of LRI deaths and episodes attributable to the following pathogens: Acinetobacter baumannii, Chlamydia spp, Enterobacter spp, Escherichia coli, fungi, group B streptococcus, Haemophilus influenzae, influenza viruses, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Legionella spp, Mycoplasma spp, polymicrobial infections, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and other viruses (ie, the aggregate of all viruses studied except influenza and RSV), as well as a residual category of other bacterial pathogens. Findings: Globally, in 2021, we estimated 344 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 325–364) incident episodes of LRI, or 4350 episodes (4120–4610) per 100 000 population, and 2·18 million deaths (1·98–2·36), or 27·7 deaths (25·1–29·9) per 100 000. 502 000 deaths (406 000–611 000) were in children younger than 5 years, among which 254 000 deaths (197 000–320 000) occurred in countries with a low Socio-demographic Index. Of the 18 modelled pathogen categories in 2021, S pneumoniae was responsible for the highest proportions of LRI episodes and deaths, with an estimated 97·9 million (92·1–104·0) episodes and 505 000 deaths (454 000–555 000) globally. The pathogens responsible for the second and third highest episode counts globally were other viral aetiologies (46·4 million [43·6–49·3] episodes) and Mycoplasma spp (25·3 million [23·5–27·2]), while those responsible for the second and third highest death counts were S aureus (424 000 [380 000–459 000]) and K pneumoniae (176 000 [158 000–194 000]). From 1990 to 2019, the global all-age non-COVID-19 LRI mortality rate declined by 41·7% (35·9–46·9), from 56·5 deaths (51·3–61·9) to 32·9 deaths (29·9–35·4) per 100 000. From 2019 to 2021, during the COVID-19 pandemic and implementation of associated non-pharmaceutical interventions, we estimated a 16·0% (13·1–18·6) decline in the global all-age non-COVID-19 LRI mortality rate, largely accounted for by a 71·8% (63·8–78·9) decline in the number of influenza deaths and a 66·7% (56·6–75·3) decline in the number of RSV deaths. Interpretation: Substantial progress has been made in reducing LRI mortality, but the burden remains high, especially in low-income and middle-income countries. During the COVID-19 pandemic, with its associated non-pharmaceutical interventions, global incident LRI cases and mortality attributable to influenza and RSV declined substantially. Expanding access to health-care services and vaccines, including S pneumoniae, H influenzae type B, and novel RSV vaccines, along with new low-cost interventions against S aureus, could mitigate the LRI burden and prevent transmission of LRI-causing pathogens. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Wellcome Trust, and Department of Health and Social Care (UK).

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Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
Department of Internal Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
Department of Cardiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
Department of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
Department of Dermatology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
Division of Infectious Diseases, Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
Urban Indian Health Institute, Seattle Indian Health Board, Seattle, WA, United States
Center for Biostatistics, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
Center for Global Health, University of Colorado, Denver, CO, United States
Department of Medicine, University of Setif Algeria, Sétif, Algeria
Department of Medical Laboratory of Science, University of Human Development, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq
Baxshin Hospital, Baxshin Research Center, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq
Community and Maternity Nursing Unit, University of Duhok, Duhok, Iraq
Department of Neurology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
Department of Nursing, Al Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
Department of Therapeutics, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
College of Pharmacy, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
Department of Biopharmaceutics and Clinical Pharmacy, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
HIV and Infectious Diseases Department, Jhpiego, Abuja, Nigeria
Department of Adolescent Research and Care, Adolescent Friendly Research Initiative and Care, Ado Ekiti, Nigeria
Department of Business Administration, Muhammadiyah University of Mataram, Mataram, Indonesia
Department of Pharmacy, Muhammadiyah University of Mataram, Mataram, Indonesia
Clinical Sciences Department, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
Department of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmacotherapeutics, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
Department of Basic Biomedical Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
Sharjah Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
Department of Medical Information Sciences, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
Department of Immunology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
Research Center for Hydatid Disease, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
Department of Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Obesity Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Tracheal Diseases Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Biology and Anatomical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Urology and Nephrology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies GF Ingrassia, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
Department of Neuroscience, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
Department of Biosciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
Institute of Endemic Diseases, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
Unit of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
Department of Paediatric Infectious Diseases, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
Department of Internal Medicine, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, University General Hospital of Patras, Patras, Greece
Heidelberg Institute of Global Health (HIGH), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
School of Nursing, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan
School of Nursing and Midwifery, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Department of Engineering, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Community and Mental Health Department, Al al-Bayt University, Mafraq, Jordan
Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Scientific Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Radiology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Center for Research and Training in Skin Diseases and Leprosy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Noncommunicable Diseases Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Neurology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Global Centre for Environmental Remediation, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
Department of Zoology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, Pakistan
Center for Biotechnology and Microbiology, University of Swat, Swat, Pakistan
Department of Respiratory Care, Prince Sultan Military College of Health Sciences, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
Cell Therapy and Applied Genomics Department, King Hussein Cancer Center, Amman, Jordan
Department of Specialty Internal Medicine, Johns Hopkins Aramco Healthcare, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia
Medicine Department, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
Department of Medical Sciences, Azal University for Human Development, Sanaa, Yemen
Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of Fujairah, Fujairah, United Arab Emirates
Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Human Toxicology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
Health Policy Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
Department of Anatomy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
School of Global Public Health, New York University, New York, NY, United States
School of Graduate Studies, Lingnan University, Hong Kong
Department of Global Health, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
Global Health and Infectious Diseases, Kumasi Center for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine, Kumasi, Ghana
Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
Department of Community Medicine and Famil Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
Department of Pharmacology and Research, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India
Warwick Medical School, Coventry, United Kingdom
University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
College of Pharmacy, Al Ain University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
College of Art and Science, Ottawa University, Surprise, AZ, United States
School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
Department of Pediatrics and Child Health Nursing, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
School of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
Department of Neurovascular Research, Nested Knowledge, Saint Paul, MN, United States
Faculty of Medicine, October 6 University, 6th of October City, Egypt
Department of Nursing, Semnan University of Medical Sciences and Health Services, Semnan, Iran
Mérieux Foundation, Lyon, France
Department of Community Medicine and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rishikesh, India
Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
Institute of Health and Wellbeing (IHW), Federation University Australia, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
Manna Institute, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia
Alpha Genomics, Islamabad, Pakistan
Department of Medical Education, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, United States
School of Public Health, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, United States
IT Department, Coforge, GA, United States
Department of Surgery, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
Department of Epidemiology, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
Department of Public Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of West Attica, Athens, Greece
Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
Clinical Research Department, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom
Nuffield Department of Medicine, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom
School of Pharmacy, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
Department of Pharmaceutical and Administrative Sciences, University of Health Sciences and Pharmacy in St Louis, St Louis, MO, United States
Department of Internal Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
Department of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, United Kingdom
Department of Infection and Immunity, St Georges University of London, London, United Kingdom
Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana
Faculty of Medicine, University Ferhat Abbas of Setif, Setif, Algeria
HCAI, Fungal, AMR, AMU and Sepsis Division, United Kingdom Health Security Agency, London, United Kingdom
Department of Infection, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
Department of Community Medicine, Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences, Sawangi, India
Department of Biosciences, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, India
Department of Paediatric Surgery, Federal Medical Centre, Umuahia, Nigeria
Department of Internal Medicine, Cheyenne Regional Medical Center, Cheyenne, WY, United States
Public Health Foundation of India, Gurugram, India
Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
Department of Radiology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Vali-E-Asr Reproductive Health Research Center, Family Health Research Institute, Tehran, Iran
Department Implementation Research, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
School of Medicine, University of Colima, Colima, Mexico
Department of Research, Colima State Health Services, Colima, Mexico
Department of Community Medicine, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education, Chennai, India
Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
Department of Environmental Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
Department of Medicine, Can Tho University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Can Tho, Viet Nam
Department of Social Medicine and Health Care Organisation, Medical University Prof Dr Paraskev Stoyanov, Varna, Bulgaria
Oxford Centre for Global Health Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
Big Data Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
Oxford Vaccine Group, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
Department of Pediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
Department of Conservative Dentistry with Endodontics, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Berlin, Germany
Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
Higher School of Technology, Sultan Moulay Slimane University, Beni Mellal, Morocco
Advanced Nursing Department, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
Department of Biochemistry, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
Azerbaijan State University of Economics (UNEC), Baku, Azerbaijan
Department of Oral Biology, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
University Institute of Public Health, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (IMBB), The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
Research Centre for Health Sciences (RCHS), The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
Department of Social Medicine and Epidemiology, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
Division of Immunology, Immunity to Infection & Respiratory Medicine, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
Department of Social Sciences, University of Nicosia, Nicosia, Cyprus
Institute of Applied Health Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
Department of Midwifery, Adigrat University, Adigrat, Ethiopia
Department of Environmental Health, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia
Institute for Hygiene and Environmental Medicine, Charité University Medical Center Berlin, Berlin, Germany
Department of Neurology, Charité University Medical Center Berlin, Berlin, Germany
Department of Laboratory Sciences, Khomein University of Medical Sciences, Khomein, Iran
Department of Genetics, Sana Institute of Higher Education, Sari, Iran
Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Anhui Medicla University, Hefei, China
Department of Urban Planning and Design, University of HongKong, Hong Kong
School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
Department of Internal Medicine, Bharatpur, India
NGO, Delhi, India
Global Virus Network, Middle East Region, Shiraz, Iran
Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Medicine, University of Kufa, Najaf, Iraq
Department of Public Health, Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia
Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
Division of Cardiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
Department of Public Health, Charité Institute of Public Health, Berlin, Germany
Faculty of Health, Southern Cross University, Bilinga, QLD, Australia
Department of Critical Care and Emergency Nursing, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
Department of Pharmacy, Palamau Institute of Pharmacy, Daltonganj, India
Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
Institute of Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
School of Dentistry, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Viet Nam
International Master Program for Translational Science, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
Nursing School, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
International Ph D Program in Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
Research Center for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
School of Public Health, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Abuja, Abuja, Nigeria
Department of Medical Microbiology, National Hospital, Abuja, Nigeria
Department of Pharmacy, University of Asia Pacific, Dhaka, Bangladesh
Department of Immunology, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
Health and Safety Department, Dubai Municipality, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
Department of Microbiology, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
Department of Microbiology, Abadan School of Medical Sciences, Abadan, Iran
Department of Economics, National Open University, Benin City, Nigeria
Department of Social Work, Pabna University of Science and Technology, Pabna, Bangladesh
Department of Pharmacy, Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University, Dir Upper, Pakistan
School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
Faculty of Dentistry, University of Puthisastra, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
Office of the Executive Director, Cephas Health Research Initiative, Ibadan, Nigeria
Campaign for Health and Neck Cancer Education (CHANCE) Programme, Cephas Health Research Initiative, Ibadan, Nigeria
The Hansjörg Wyss Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Naba Al-Hayat Foundation for Medical Sciences and Health Care, New York, NY, United States
Cleft Lip and Palate Surgery Division, Global Smile Foundation, Norwood, MA, United States
Endocrine Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Echocardiography, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Anesthesiology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Microbial Biotechnology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of ENT, Dr B R Ambedkar State Institute of Medical Sciences (AIMS), Mohali, India
Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi, India
Population Science Department, Jatiya Kabi Kazi Nazrul Islam University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
Department of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Department of Critical Care Medicine, St Lukes Aurora Medical Center, Milwaukee, WI, United States
Department of Health, Nepal Development Society, Chitwan, Nepal
Preventable Non Communicable Disease, Menzies School of Health Research, Alice Springs, NT, Australia
College of Health, Wellbeing and Life Sciences, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, United Kingdom
College of Arts and Sciences, Ohio University, Zanesville, OH, United States
Global Consortium for Public Health Research, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Wardha, India
Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, United States
Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, UH Rainbow Babies and Childrens Hospital, Cleveland, OH, United States
Department of Preventive Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
Department of Public Health, Wachemo University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
Department of Physiology, Hamedan University of Medical Sciences, Hamedan, Iran
Department of Anthropology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
Department of Mathematics, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh
Department of Population Science and Human Resource Development, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh
Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Universitas Kristen Satya Wacana, Salatiga, Indonesia
Department of Health Policy and Strategy, Foundation for People-centric Health Systems, New Delhi, India
SD Gupta School of Public Health, Indian Institute of Health Management Research University, Jaipur, India
Faculty of Medicine, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
Department of General Medicine, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
Department of Otolaryngology, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
Cardiovascular Research Department, Methodist Hospital, Merrillville, IN, United States
Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
Department of Precision Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon-si, South Korea
REA-REZO, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
Public Health, Epidemiology and Evolutionary Ecology of Infectious Diseases (PHE3ID), Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), Lyon, France
Department of Public Health, Dilla University, Dilla, Ethiopia
Department of Health Promotion and Health Education, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
Department of Internal Medicine, Dayanand Medical College and Hospital, Ludhiana, India
Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia
Molecular Laboratory, The CHILDS Trust Medical Research Foundation, Chennai, India
Department of Infectious Diseases, Instituto Nacional de Nutrición Salvador Zubirán (Salvador Zubiran National Institute of Medical Sciences and Nutrition), Mexico City, Mexico
Department of Medicine, Instituto Nacional de Nutrición Salvador Zubirán (Salvador Zubiran National Institute of Medical Sciences and Nutrition), Mexico City, Mexico
Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
North West Lung Centre, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom
Department of Social Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
Department of Tropical Medicine, Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
Australian Centre for Health Services Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, QLD, Australia
Digital Health and Informatics Directorate, Queensland Health, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
Department of Public Health, Arba Minch University, Arbaminch, Ethiopia
Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Kantonsspital St Gallen, St Gallen, Switzerland
Department of Physiology, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
University Centre Varazdin, University North, Varazdin, Croatia
Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
South African Centre for Epidemiological Modelling and Analysis (SACEMA), Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
Department of Epidemiology, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
National Data Management Center for Health, Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
College of Healthcare Management and Economics, Gulf Medical University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
Department of Research and Development, Panacea Institute of Interdisciplinary Research and Education, Varanasi, India
Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Mangalagiri, India
Molecular Biology Unit, Sirius Training and Research Centre, Khartoum, Sudan
BioStatistical and Molecular Biology Department, Sirius Training and Research Centre, Khartoum, Sudan
Department of Pharmacy, Madda Walabu University, Bale Robe, Ethiopia
QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
Clinical Epidemiology and Public Health Research Unit, Burlo Garofolo Institute for Maternal and Child Health, Trieste, Italy
Centre for Neonatal and Paediatric Infection, St Georges University of London, London, United Kingdom
Department of Community Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India
Department of Internal Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India
Department of Surgery, General University Hospital of Patras, Patras, Greece
Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
Department of Nursing, Injibara University, Injibara, Ethiopia
Department of Computer and Information Science and Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
Faculty of Pharmacy, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia
Department of Community Medicine, MOSC Medical College, Kolenchery, India
Tehran, Iran
Department of Internal Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Science, Ardabil, Iran
Faculty of Medicine, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Viet Nam
Institute for Research and Training in Medicine, Biology and Pharmacy, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Viet Nam
Department of Medical Engineering, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
Department of General Surgery, University Hospital of Heraklion, Heraklion, Greece
Department of Laboratory of Toxicology, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
Department of Applied Microbiology, Taiz University, Taiz, Yemen
Faculty of Applied Sciences and Technology, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Johor, Malaysia
Department of Paediatrics, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria
Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
Department of Medical Physiology, Babcock University, Ilisan-Remo, Nigeria
Department of Medical Physiology, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria
Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Ambo University, Ambo, Ethiopia
Helath Information Research Unit, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
Department of Pharmacotherapy and Pharmaceutical Care, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacogenomics, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
Division of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital of Setif, Setif, Algeria
Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Mangalore, India
Centre for the Business and Economics of Health, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
Department of Community Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jammu, India
Department of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis, MN, United States
Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
Center for Pharmacoepidemiology and Treatment Science, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
Research Center, Allergy Asthma and Chest Center, Mysore, India
School of Nursing, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
Centre for Primary Health Care and Equity, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, Australia
School of Medicine, Pham Ngoc Thach University of Medicine, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
Department of Medicine, Nazarbayev University, Astana, Kazakhstan
Clinical Academic Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center (UMC), Astana, Kazakhstan
Department of Microbiology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
Department of Nephrology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
Department of Maternal and Child Nursing and Public Health, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
College of Health Sciences, VinUniversity, Hanoi, Viet Nam
Department of Health Sciences, Cihan University-Sulaymaniyah, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq
Cihan University Sulaimaniya Research Center (CUSRC), Sulaymaniyah, Iraq
Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Lorestan University, Khoramabad, Iran
School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Mandi, India
Department of Medicine, Jinnah Sindh Medical University, Karachi, Pakistan
Emergency Department, Savannakhet Provincial Hospital, Savannakhet, Laos
Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
Department Biological Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Department of Protein Research, Research and Academic Institution, Alexandria, Egypt
Unisabana Center for Translational Science, Universidad de La Sabana (Savannah), Chia, Colombia
Critical Care Department, Clinica Universidad De La Sabana (Savannah University Clinic), Chia, Colombia
Department of Microbiology, Lao- OxfordMahosot Hospital Wellcome Trust Research Unit, Vientiane, Laos
Department of Geography and Demography, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
Department of Labour, Directorate of Factories, Government of West Bengal, Kolkata, India
Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
Multidisciplinary Laboratory, Foundation University School of Health Sciences (FUSH), Foundation University, Islamabad, Pakistan
International Center of Medical Sciences Research (ICMSR), Islamabad, Pakistan
Department of Community Medicine and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bathinda, India
Department of Preventive & Social Medicine, Kolkata, India
Institute for Employment Research, Nuremberg, Germany
Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
Department of Pathol

Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation
Department of Health Metrics Sciences
Department of Internal Medicine
Department of Cardiology
Department of Biostatistics
Department of Global Health
Department of Pharmacy
Department of Applied Mathematics
School of Medicine
Department of Dermatology
Division of Infectious Diseases
School of Medicine
Urban Indian Health Institute
Center for Biostatistics
Center for Global Health
Department of Medicine
Department of Medical Laboratory of Science
Baxshin Hospital
Community and Maternity Nursing Unit
Department of Neurology
Department of Nursing
Department of Therapeutics
College of Pharmacy
Department of Biopharmaceutics and Clinical Pharmacy
HIV and Infectious Diseases Department
Department of Adolescent Research and Care
Department of Business Administration
Department of Pharmacy
Clinical Sciences Department
Department of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmacotherapeutics
Department of Clinical Sciences
Department of Basic Biomedical Sciences
Sharjah Institute of Medical Sciences
College of Medicine
Department of Medical Information Sciences
Department of Immunology
Research Center for Hydatid Disease
Department of Biotechnology
Obesity Research Center
Tracheal Diseases Research Center
Department of Biology and Anatomical Sciences
Urology and Nephrology Research Center
Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies GF Ingrassia
Department of Neuroscience
Department of Biosciences
Institute of Endemic Diseases
Unit of Basic Medical Sciences
Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute
Department of Paediatric Infectious Diseases
Department of Internal Medicine
Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases
Heidelberg Institute of Global Health (HIGH)
School of Nursing
School of Nursing and Midwifery
Department of Engineering
Community and Mental Health Department
Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics
Hematology
Department of Scientific Research
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology
Department of Radiology
Center for Research and Training in Skin Diseases and Leprosy
School of Medicine
Faculty of Medicine
Noncommunicable Diseases Research Center
Research Center for Immunodeficiencies
Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Institute
Department of Neurology
Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Global Centre for Environmental Remediation
Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment
Department of Zoology
Center for Biotechnology and Microbiology
Department of Respiratory Care
Department of Pathology and Microbiology
Department of Clinical Pharmacy
Cell Therapy and Applied Genomics Department
Department of Specialty Internal Medicine
Medicine Department
Department of Medical Sciences
Department of Clinical Sciences
Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Human Toxicology
Health Policy Research Center
Department of Anatomy
School of Global Public Health
School of Graduate Studies
Department of Global Health
Global Health and Infectious Diseases
Department of Pharmacology
Department of Community Medicine and Famil Medicine
Department of Pharmacology and Research
All India Institute of Medical Sciences
Warwick Medical School
University of Warwick
College of Pharmacy
College of Art and Science
School of Life Sciences
Department of Pediatrics and Child Health Nursing
School of Medical Laboratory Sciences
Department of Clinical Pharmacy
Department of Neurovascular Research
Faculty of Medicine
Department of Nursing
Mérieux Foundation
Department of Community Medicine and Family Medicine
Department of Medicine
Department of Clinical Medicine
Institute of Health and Wellbeing (IHW)
Manna Institute
Alpha Genomics
Department of Medical Education
School of Public Health
IT Department
Department of Surgery
Department of Epidemiology
Department of Public Health
School of Public Health
Department of Biomedical Sciences
Institute of Infection and Global Health
Clinical Research Department
Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health
Nuffield Department of Medicine
School of Pharmacy
Department of Pharmaceutical and Administrative Sciences
Department of Internal Medicine
Department of Clinical Medicine
Department of Infection and Immunity
Faculty of Health Sciences
Faculty of Medicine
HCAI
Department of Infection
Temerty Faculty of Medicine
Department of Community Medicine
Department of Biosciences
Department of Paediatric Surgery
Department of Internal Medicine
Public Health Foundation of India
Indian Council of Medical Research
Department of Medical Microbiology
Department of Radiology
Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics
Department Implementation Research
School of Medicine
Department of Research
Department of Community Medicine
Division of Pathology
Department of Environmental Health
Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care
Department of Medicine
Department of Social Medicine and Health Care Organisation
Oxford Centre for Global Health Research
Nuffield Department of Population Health
Big Data Institute
Oxford Vaccine Group
Department of Pediatrics
Nuffield Department of Medicine
Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit
Department of Conservative Dentistry with Endodontics
Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology
Robert Koch Institute
Higher School of Technology
Advanced Nursing Department
Department of Biochemistry
Azerbaijan State University of Economics (UNEC)
Department of Oral Biology
University Institute of Public Health
Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (IMBB)
Research Centre for Health Sciences (RCHS)
Department of Social Medicine and Epidemiology
Division of Immunology
Department of Social Sciences
Institute of Applied Health Sciences
Department of Midwifery
Department of Environmental Health
Institute for Hygiene and Environmental Medicine
Department of Neurology
Department of Laboratory Sciences
Department of Genetics
Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN)
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics
Department of Urban Planning and Design
School of Medicine
Department of Internal Medicine
NGO
Global Virus Network
Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Medicine
Department of Public Health
Department of Radiology
Division of Cardiology
Department of Public Health
Faculty of Health
Department of Critical Care and Emergency Nursing
Department of Pharmacy
Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology
Institute of Artificial Intelligence in Medicine
School of Dentistry
International Master Program for Translational Science
Nursing School
International Ph D Program in Medicine
Research Center for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine
School of Public Health
Department of Clinical Pharmacy
Department of Medical Microbiology
Department of Medical Microbiology
Department of Pharmacy
Department of Immunology
Health and Safety Department
Department of Microbiology
Department of Microbiology
Department of Economics
Department of Social Work
Department of Pharmacy
School of Pharmacy
Faculty of Dentistry
Office of the Executive Director
Campaign for Health and Neck Cancer Education (CHANCE) Programme
The Hansjörg Wyss Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
Cleft Lip and Palate Surgery Division
Endocrine Research Center
Department of Echocardiography
Department of Anesthesiology
Microbial Biotechnology Research Center
Department of ENT
Public Health Foundation of India
Population Science Department
Department of Public Health
Department of Critical Care Medicine
Department of Health
Preventable Non Communicable Disease
College of Health
College of Arts and Sciences
Global Consortium for Public Health Research
Department of Pediatrics
Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine
Department of Preventive Medicine
Department of Public Health
Department of Preventive and Social Medicine
Department of Physiology
Department of Anthropology
Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology
Department of Mathematics
Department of Population Science and Human Resource Development
Faculty of Medicine and Health Science
Department of Health Policy and Strategy
SD Gupta School of Public Health
Faculty of Medicine
Department of General Medicine
Department of Otolaryngology
University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City
Cardiovascular Research Department
Ho Chi Minh City
Department of Precision Medicine
REA-REZO
Public Health
Department of Public Health
Department of Health Promotion and Health Education
Department of Internal Medicine
Department of Clinical Pharmacy
Molecular Laboratory
Department of Infectious Diseases
Department of Medicine
Department of International Health
North West Lung Centre
Department of Social Medicine
Department of Tropical Medicine
Australian Centre for Health Services Innovation
Digital Health and Informatics Directorate
Department of Public Health
Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology
Department of Physiology
Pediatric Intensive Care Unit
University Centre Varazdin
Department of Preventive Medicine
South African Centre for Epidemiological Modelling and Analysis (SACEMA)
Department of Epidemiology
National Data Management Center for Health
College of Healthcare Management and Economics
Department of Research and Development
Department of Pharmacology
Molecular Biology Unit
BioStatistical and Molecular Biology Department
Department of Pharmacy
QU Health
Clinical Epidemiology and Public Health Research Unit
Centre for Neonatal and Paediatric Infection
Department of Community Medicine
Department of Internal Medicine
Department of Surgery
Faculty of Medicine
Department of Emergency Medicine
Department of Nursing
Department of Computer and Information Science and Engineering
College of Medicine and Public Health
Faculty of Pharmacy
Department of Community Medicine
Tehran
Department of Internal Medicine
Faculty of Medicine
Institute for Research and Training in Medicine
Department of Medical Engineering
Department of General Surgery
Department of Laboratory of Toxicology
Department of Applied Microbiology
Faculty of Applied Sciences and Technology
Department of Paediatrics
Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine
Department of Medical Physiology
Department of Medical Physiology
Department of Microbiology
Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences
Helath Information Research Unit
Department of Pharmacotherapy and Pharmaceutical Care
Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacogenomics
Department of Epidemiology
Division of Infectious Diseases
Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology
Centre for the Business and Economics of Health
Faculty of Medicine
Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine
Department of Emergency Medicine
Department of Community Medicine
Department of Epidemiology and Community Health
Department of Biomedical Data Science
Department of Radiology
Center for Pharmacoepidemiology and Treatment Science
Research Center
School of Nursing
Centre for Primary Health Care and Equity
School of Medicine
Department of Medicine
Clinical Academic Department of Pediatrics
Department of Microbiology
Department of Nephrology
Department of Maternal and Child Nursing and Public Health
College of Health Sciences
Department of Health Sciences
Cihan University Sulaimaniya Research Center (CUSRC)
Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences
School of Humanities and Social Sciences
Department of Medicine
Emergency Department
Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine
Department Biological Sciences
Department of Protein Research
Unisabana Center for Translational Science
Critical Care Department
Department of Microbiology
Department of Geography and Demography
Department of Public Health Sciences
Department of Labour
Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation
Multidisciplinary Laboratory
International Center of Medical Sciences Research (ICMSR)
Department of Community Medicine and Family Medicine
Department of Preventive & Social Medicine
Institute for Employment Research
Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
Faculty of Pharmacy
Department of Pathol

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