Hallmarks of Periodontitis
Benahmed A.G. Gasmi A. Noor S. Semenova Y. Emadali A. Dadar M. Shanaida Y. Avdeev O. Bjørklund G.
2025Bentham Science Publishers
Current Medicinal Chemistry
2025#32Issue 142731 - 2749 pp.
Periodontitis is a complex polymicrobial disease of the oral cavity that affects tooth-supporting tissues. It is caused by multiple factors, such as pathogenic bacteria, genetic predisposition, and host immune response factors. The pathogenesis of periodontal disease involves the complex interrelations among bacterial toxins, several populations of cells, and host cell-secreted inflammatory mediators. Generally, periodontitis is characterized by the formation of intricate and varied biofilms of microbes on the tooth surface, commonly known as dental plaque. Activation of defense cells is characterized by releasing inflammatory mediators, such as proteases, acidic metabolites, cytokines, interleukins, and chemokines, which destroy tissue and ultimately cause bone resorption. The individual periodontal condition has a significant impact on systemic homeostasis, and its disruption can cause the development of some metabolic disorders. This review article summarizes the latest studies on the pathogenesis of periodontitis and describes the role of inflammatory mediators and genetic polymorphism in individuals, as well as relationships with some metabolic conditions. The information is collected from PubMed, Scopus, ScienceDirect, SpringerLink, and clinicaltrials.gov.
alveolar bone resorption , genetic predisposition , immune response , inflammation , metabolic disorders , oxidative stress , pathogenic bacteria , Periodontal disease , risk factors
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Académie Internationale de Médecine Dentaire Intégrative, Paris, France
Société Francophone de Nutrithérapie et de Nutrigénétique Appliquée, Villeurbanne, France
Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
School of Medicine, Nazarbayev University, Astana, Kazakhstan
School of Dentistry Medicine, Ahvaz Jondishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
CONEM International Microbiology Research Group, Paris, France
Pediatric Dentistry Department, I. Horbachevsky Ternopil National Medical University, Ternopil, Ukraine
Council for Nutritional and Environmental Medicine (CONEM), Mo i Rana, Norway
Académie Internationale de Médecine Dentaire Intégrative
Société Francophone de Nutrithérapie et de Nutrigénétique Appliquée
Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology
School of Medicine
School of Dentistry Medicine
CONEM International Microbiology Research Group
Pediatric Dentistry Department
Council for Nutritional and Environmental Medicine (CONEM)
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