Low-temperature performance of Zn-modified graphite and hard carbon as anodes for lithium-ion batteries

Belgibayeva A. Kydyrbayeva U. Rakhatkyzy M. Kalimuldina G. Nurpeissova A. Bakenov Z.
June 2025 Elsevier Masson s.r.l.

Solid State Sciences
2025 #164

Graphite has been the primary anode material in commercial lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) due to its lithium-like charge/discharge profiles and stable performance at room temperature. However, its effectiveness in low-temperature conditions remains a significant limitation for LIB applications. Hard carbon, an alternative anode material, offers potential advantages in low-temperature environments due to its unique porous structure and lithium storage mechanism. In this study, Zn-modified graphite and hard carbon electrodes were developed by partially substituting the conductive agent acetylene black with 1 wt% Zn. The impact of this Zn addition on the low-temperature performance of the anodes and solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) formation was systematically investigated, comparing Zn-modified electrodes to pristine Zn-free ones. The results indicate that Zn incorporation enhances electrochemical performance by improving electrical conductivity and fostering the development of a thin, uniform LiF-rich SEI layer, which reduces charge-transfer resistance and accelerates electrode activation at low temperatures.

Graphite , Hard carbon , Lithium-ion batteries , Low temperature , Zn modification

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National Laboratory Astana, Kabanbay Batyr Ave. 53, Astana, 010000, Kazakhstan
Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, School of Engineering and Digital Sciences, Nazarbayev University, Kabanbay Batyr Ave. 53, Astana, 010000, Kazakhstan
Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, School of Engineering and Digital Sciences, Nazarbayev University, Kabanbay Batyr Ave. 53, Astana, 010000, Kazakhstan

National Laboratory Astana
Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering
Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering

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