Efficient Extraction of Lithium, Cobalt, and Nickel from Nickel-Manganese-Cobalt Oxide Cathodes with Cholin Chloride/Pyrogallol-Based Deep Eutectic Solvent
Batkal A. Kamunur K. Mussapyrova L. Mukanov Y. Nadirov R.
June 2025Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)
Recycling
2025#10Issue 3
This study explores the use of a deep eutectic solvent (DES) composed of choline chloride and pyrogallol (1:1 molar ratio) for the recovery of lithium, cobalt, and nickel from spent lithium-ion battery cathodes based on LiNi0.33Co0.33Mn0.33O2 (NMC111). The DES exhibits moderate viscosity, intrinsic redox activity, and strong complexation ability, enabling efficient metal dissolution under mild conditions. The effects of both temperature (50–80 °C) and time (up to 12 h) on leaching efficiency were systematically investigated. Optimal leaching parameters—80 °C, 8 h, and a liquid-to-solid ratio of 50—yielded extraction efficiencies of 92% for Li, 85% for Co, and 88% for Ni. Kinetic modeling indicated pseudo-first-order behavior with activation energies of 26.6, 22.1, and 25.2 kJ/mol for Li, Co, and Ni, respectively. Mechanistic analysis confirmed the dual role of pyrogallol as both reducing agent (facilitating Co3+ to Co2+ conversion) and chelating ligand.
choline chloride , deep eutectic solvents (DESs) , lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) , metal leaching , NMC cathode , pyrogallol
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Institute of Combustion Problems, Almaty, 050012, Kazakhstan
Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, 050040, Kazakhstan
School of Materials Science and Green Technologies, Kazakhstan-British Technical University, Almaty, 050000, Kazakhstan
Institute of Combustion Problems
Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology
School of Materials Science and Green Technologies
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