Bovine Viral Diarrhea in Kazakhstan

Bashenova E. Nissanova R. Kirpichenko V. Akshalova P. Malysheva A. Ikramkulova F. Cherusheva A. Abduraimov Y. Rsaliyev A. Zakarya K. Zharmukhametova A. Kuatbekova S. Kuligin A. Abay Z. Zhetpisbay Z. Mamadaliyev S. Nurpeisova A. Kassenov M.
October 2025 Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)

Viruses
2025 #17 Issue 10

Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (BVDV) is a globally important cattle pathogen causing substantial economic losses. In Kazakhstan, BVDV’s epidemiological status remains poorly characterized due to the absence of systematic surveillance. We carried out a cross-sectional study of cattle herds across Kazakhstan, using ELISA to detect anti-BVDV antibodies and RT-PCR to identify active infections. Positive samples underwent sequencing for phylogenetic analysis of circulating strains. Additionally, a standard reference serum panel was developed to measure virus neutralization titers (ND₅₀) and to evaluate cross-neutralization with Border Disease virus (BDV). Antibodies against BVDV were prevalent, with seropositivity ranging from 28.89% to 96.13% across surveyed regions. Active BVDV infection was confirmed by RT-PCR in 17 animals. Phylogenetic analysis with 2 samples from Mangystau region classified the virus as BVDV2 genotype. The reference serum panel exhibited high neutralizing titers ND₅₀ up to 1:286 against the local BVDV-1 isolate. Notably, these sera also neutralized BDV, albeit at lower titers ND₅₀ 1:45. These findings provide crucial baseline epidemiological data and enhanced diagnostic tools for BVDV in Kazakhstan. They highlight the need for improved surveillance and will inform strategic control measures against this economically significant cattle disease.

Bovine Viral Diarrhea , diagnosis , genotyping , Kazakhstan , reference serum

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Kazakh Scientific Research Veterinary Institute LLP, National Holding QazBioPharm, 223 Rayymbek Avenue, Almaty, 050016, Kazakhstan
Almaty Branch of the National Center for Biotechnology, National Holding QazBioPharm, 14 Zhahanger Str., Almaty, 050054, Kazakhstan
JSC National Holding QazBioPharm, 13/5 Korgalzhinskoe Highway, Astana, 010000, Kazakhstan
Department of Computer Science, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Al-Farabi Avenue 71, Almaty, 050040, Kazakhstan

Kazakh Scientific Research Veterinary Institute LLP
Almaty Branch of the National Center for Biotechnology
JSC National Holding QazBioPharm
Department of Computer Science

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