Influence of Probiotics on Gut-linked Axes


Baimakhanova B. Sadanov A. Orasymbet S. Ratnikova I. Baimakhanova G. Omirbekova A. Shorabaev E. Kulmagambetov I. Sarsenbaeva G. Mamirova A. Kistaubayeva A.
September 2025Engineered Science Publisher

ES Food and Agroforestry
2025#21

Probiotics are beneficial microorganisms that influence gut microbiota composition, immune responses, and systemic health through various gut-organ axes. Current re-view attempted to explore the role of probiotics in modulating interactions between the gut and key organ systems, including the brain, eye, lung, heart, and liver. In particular, review discusses the outputs of clinical and preclinical studies on probiotic interventions for conditions such as dry eye syndrome, uveitis, COVID-19, Graves disease, Hashimotos disease, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, etc. Indeed, multiple re-search results confirmed positive impact of probiotics in modulating neuroinflammation and neurotransmitter synthesis, enhancing respiratory immunity, lowering blood pressure, and improving lipid and bile acid metabolism. Studies demonstrate the strain-specific effects of probiotics, particularly within Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium genera, in modulating immune pathways, restoring microbiome balance, and alleviating disease symptoms. However, challenges remain in optimizing probiotic dosages, understanding individual microbiome variations, and developing targeted interventions. Future studies should focus on mechanistic insights, host-microbiota interactions, and personalized approaches to maximize therapeutic outcomes.

Adjunctive therapy , Gut microbiome , Gut-linked axes , Gut-organ axes , Probiotics

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Research and Production Center for Microbiology and Virology LLC, Bogenbay batyr 105, Almaty, 050010, Kazakhstan
Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Al-Farabi 71, Almaty, 050040, Kazakhstan
Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems, Momyshuly 15, Zhambyl region, 080409, Kazakhstan

Research and Production Center for Microbiology and Virology LLC
Department of Biotechnology
Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems

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