Situational factors shape moral judgements in the trolley dilemma in Eastern, Southern and Western countries in a culturally diverse sample

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June 2022 Nature Research

Nature Human Behaviour
2022 #6 Issue 6 880 - 895 pp.

The study of moral judgements often centres on moral dilemmas in which options consistent with deontological perspectives (that is, emphasizing rules, individual rights and duties) are in conflict with options consistent with utilitarian judgements (that is, following the greater good based on consequences). Greene et al. (2009) showed that psychological and situational factors (for example, the intent of the agent or the presence of physical contact between the agent and the victim) can play an important role in moral dilemma judgements (for example, the trolley problem). Our knowledge is limited concerning both the universality of these effects outside the United States and the impact of culture on the situational and psychological factors affecting moral judgements. Thus, we empirically tested the universality of the effects of intent and personal force on moral dilemma judgements by replicating the experiments of Greene et al. in 45 countries from all inhabited continents. We found that personal force and its interaction with intention exert influence on moral judgements in the US and Western cultural clusters, replicating and expanding the original findings. Moreover, the personal force effect was present in all cultural clusters, suggesting it is culturally universal. The evidence for the cultural universality of the interaction effect was inconclusive in the Eastern and Southern cultural clusters (depending on exclusion criteria). We found no strong association between collectivism/individualism and moral dilemma judgements.

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Institute for Advanced Study in Toulouse, Toulouse, France
Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
Doctoral School of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, United States
School of Psychology, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom
Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
Institute of Psychology, Faculty of Arts, University of Prešov, Prešov, Slovakia
Institute for Research and Development of Education, Faculty of Education, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
Institute of Psychology, Faculty of Philosophy, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
London School of Economics and Political Science & Open University, London, United Kingdom
Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
Yaşar University, İzmir, Turkey
Universidad Regional Amazónica Ikiam, Grupo de Biogeografía y Ecología Espacial (BioGeoE2), Napo, Ecuador
Center for Psychology at University of Porto, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
Department of Philosophy, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
Department of Psychology and The Brain and Mind Institute, The University of Western Ontario, London, Canada
Iscte-University Institute of Lisbon, CIS-IUL, Lisbon, Portugal
De La Salle University, Manila, Philippines
Department of Psychology, University of Crete, Rethymno, Greece
Department of Philosophy, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
Saint Joseph’s University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Department of Psychology, Franklin and Marshall College, Lancaster, PA, United States
Department of Psychology, Faculty of Arts, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice, Košice, Slovakia
Başkent University, Ankara, Turkey
The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Laboratory for Neuroinformation, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
CLLE, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
Instituto de Investigaciones Psicológicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba (IIPsi, Conicet-UNC), Córdoba, Spain
Instutute of Psychology, University of Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland
IMT School for Advanced Studies Lucca, Lucca, Italy
GAME Science Research Center, Lucca, Italy
University of St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
Department of Economics and Management, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
Facultad de Psicología, Instituto de Investigación Científica, Universidad de Lima, Lima, Peru
Georgia Gwinnett College, Lawrenceville, GA, United States
Harrisburg University of Science and Technology, Harrisburg, PA, United States
Government College University, Lahore, Pakistan
Department of Psychology, California State University San Marcos, San Marcos, CA, United States
Department of Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine, CA, United States
Department of Psychology, Ashland University, Ashland, OH, United States
Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
Faculty of Psychology, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
School of Psychology, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
Department of Values, Technology, and Innovation, Delft University of Technology, Delft, Netherlands
Department of Psychology, Faculty of Science and Arts, Pamukkale University, Denizli, Turkey
Department of Psychology, University of Zadar, Zadar, Croatia
Department of Experimental Psychology, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
Institute of Medical Psychology, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
Department of Psychology, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
Faculty of Philosophy, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
Faculty of Economics, Econometrics, and Finance, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
Marketing Department, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
Department of Psychology, Koç University, Istanbul, Turkey
Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
The School of Health and Behavioural Sciences, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sunshine Coast, QLD, Australia
Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
Department of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
Alexandru Ioan Cuza University, Iași, Romania
George I.M. Georgescu Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Iași, Romania
Laboratório de Evolução do Comportamento Humano, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
Department of Occupational, Economic and Social Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
Division of Psychology and Language Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom
School of Education and Psychology, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
School of Human Sciences, University of Greenwich, Greenwich, United Kingdom
Department of Psychology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
Psychology Department, Kingston University London, London, United Kingdom
Vienna University of Economics and Business, Vienna, Austria
Faculty of Social and Economic Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
Social Cognition Center Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
Department of Psychology, Faculty of Arts, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
Department of Management, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
School of Psychology, University of East London, London, United Kingdom
School of Foreign Languages, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
Department of Cognitive Science, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Wheelock College of Education and Human Development, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
Department of Psychology, Educational Science and Human Movement, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
Lazaridis School of Business and Economics, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON, Canada
Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Skopje, North Macedonia
Department of Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, München, Germany
LIP/PC2S, Université Savoie Mont-Blanc, Chambéry, France
Department of Cognitive Science and Psychology, New Bulgarian University, Sofia, Bulgaria
Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, NY, United States
School of Social Sciences, Singapore Management University, Singapore, Singapore
Instituto de Investigación Científica, Universidad de Lima, Lima, Peru
Department of Psychology, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, United Kingdom
Department of Communication, Center for Mind and Brain, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, United States
Graduate School of Human–Environment Studies, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
Department of Psychology, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
School of Economics and Finance, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
Centre for Behavioural Economics, Society and Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
Unaffiliated Researcher, London, United Kingdom
Montfort College, Bengaluru, India
Tilburg University, Tilburg, Netherlands
School of Psychology, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Semenyih, Malaysia
Laboratory for Research of Individual Differences, Faculty of Philosophy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
School of Psychology, University of Chester, Chester, United Kingdom
Department of Psychological Counseling and Guidance, Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University, Muğla, Turkey
EGADE Business School, Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey, San Pedro Garza García, Mexico
University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
Faculty of Management, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
University of Kent, Canterbury, United Kingdom
Department of Cognition, Emotion, and Methods in Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
Department of Music, Max Planck Institute for Empirical Aesthetics, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
Département de Psychologie, Laboratoire Parisien de Psychologie Sociale, UPL, University Paris Nanterre, Paris, France
Department of Psychology and Psychodynamics, Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences, Krems an der Donau, Austria
Occidental College, Los Angeles, CA, United States
University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, LA, United States
Reward, Competition and Social Neuroscience Lab, Department of Psychology, School of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
Institute for Brain Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
Institute of Applied Psychology, School of Public Administration, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
Department of Social and Work Psychology, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, “Magna Graecia” University of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
Department of Psychology, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, ON, Canada
Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
Ashoka University, Haryana, India
Department of Psychology, Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu, Sibiu, Romania
Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom
Centre for the Advancement of Research on Emotion, School of Psychological Science, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
Department of Psychology, State University of New York at Fredonia, Fredonia, NY, United States
Psychology Department, University of Wisconsin-Stout, Menomonie, WI, United States
Max Planck Institute for Research on Collective Goods, Bonn, Germany
School of Psychology, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand
School of Anthropology and Museum Ethnography, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
Social Science Research Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
School of Psychology and Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States
Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
Department of Psychology, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines
Busara Center for Behavioral Economics, Nairobi, Kenya
Üsküdar University, Istanbul, Turkey
Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
New York University, New York, NY, United States
Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
Institute of Psychology, University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
Center for Research on Cognition and Behavior, SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities in Sopot, Sopot, Poland
Department of Psychology, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS, United States
Ege University, Bornova, Turkey
Department of Management, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russian Federation
Center of Psychology, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
Department of Psychology, De La Salle University, Manila, Philippines
Institute of Decision Science for a Sustainable Society, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
UniDistance Switzerland, Sierre, Switzerland
Research Methods, Assessment, and iScience, Department of Psychology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
Department of Psychology, Nicholls State University, Thibodaux, LA, United States
University of Brasilia, Brasília, Brazil
Witten/Herdecke University, Witten, Germany
Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Department of Psychology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
FOM University of Applied Sciences, Essen, Germany
Leibniz-Institut für Wissensmedien, Tübingen, Germany
University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
M. Narikbayev KAZGUU University, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan
Aventura Social and DESSH, Faculty of Human Kinetics, Institute of Environmental Health, Medicine Faculty, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
Prague University of Economics and Business, Prague, Czech Republic
University of Siegen, Siegen, Germany
School of Psychological and Behavioral Sciences, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, United States
Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
Imperial College Business School, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
Department of Psychology, University of Essex, Essex, United Kingdom
Manisa Celal Bayar University, Manisa, Turkey
The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
Department of Psychology, University of Denver, Denver, CO, United States
University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
California State University, Bakersfield, CA, United States
Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania
Babeș-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
T A Pai Management Institute, Manipal, India
Psychology Department, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom
University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
Université de Nîmes, APSY-V, Nîmes, France
Department of Clinical Psychology, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
Wolfson College, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
Department of Psychology, Ithaca College, Ithaca, NY, United States
Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
Department of Psychology, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY, United States
Escuela de Psicología, Universidad Católica del Norte, Antofagasta, Chile
School of Literature and Human Sciences, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan
Faculty of Arts and Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
Kadir Has University, Istanbul, Turkey
Department of Management and Marketing, University of Dayton, Dayton, OH, United States
Manhattan College, New York, NY, United States
Psychological Institute of Russian Academy of Education, Moscow, Russian Federation
Department of Psychology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute (BCBDI), Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China

Institute for Advanced Study in Toulouse
Institute of Psychology
Doctoral School of Psychology
University of California
School of Psychology
Department of Surgery and Cancer
Institute of Psychology
Institute for Research and Development of Education
Institute of Psychology
University of Groningen
London School of Economics and Political Science & Open University
Universitas Airlangga
Yaşar University
Universidad Regional Amazónica Ikiam
Center for Psychology at University of Porto
Department of Philosophy
Radboud University
Department of Psychology
Department of Psychology and The Brain and Mind Institute
Iscte-University Institute of Lisbon
De La Salle University
Department of Psychology
Department of Philosophy
Saint Joseph’s University
School of Behavioural and Health Sciences
Department of Psychology
Department of Psychology
Başkent University
The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute
CLLE
Instituto de Investigaciones Psicológicas
Instutute of Psychology
IMT School for Advanced Studies Lucca
GAME Science Research Center
University of St. Gallen
Department of Economics and Management
Facultad de Psicología
Georgia Gwinnett College
Harrisburg University of Science and Technology
Government College University
Department of Psychology
Department of Psychological Science
Department of Psychology
Department of Psychology
Faculty of Psychology
School of Psychology
Department of Values
Department of Psychology
Department of Psychology
Department of Experimental Psychology
Institute of Medical Psychology
Department of Psychology
Faculty of Philosophy
Faculty of Economics
Marketing Department
Department of Psychology
Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences
The School of Health and Behavioural Sciences
Department of Psychology
Department of Psychology
Alexandru Ioan Cuza University
George I.M. Georgescu Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases
Laboratório de Evolução do Comportamento Humano
Department of Occupational
Division of Psychology and Language Sciences
School of Education and Psychology
School of Human Sciences
Department of Psychology
Psychology Department
Vienna University of Economics and Business
Faculty of Social and Economic Sciences
Social Cognition Center Cologne
Department of Psychology
Department of Management
School of Psychology
School of Foreign Languages
Department of Cognitive Science
Wheelock College of Education and Human Development
Department of Psychology
Lazaridis School of Business and Economics
Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts
Department of Psychology
LIP/PC2S
Department of Cognitive Science and Psychology
Department of Psychology
School of Social Sciences
Instituto de Investigación Científica
Department of Psychology
Department of Communication
Graduate School of Human–Environment Studies
University of Toronto
Department of Psychology
School of Economics and Finance
Centre for Behavioural Economics
Unaffiliated Researcher
Montfort College
Tilburg University
School of Psychology
Laboratory for Research of Individual Differences
Department of Psychology
School of Psychology
Department of Psychological Counseling and Guidance
EGADE Business School
University of Salzburg
Faculty of Management
University of Kent
Department of Cognition
Department of Music
Département de Psychologie
Department of Psychology and Psychodynamics
Occidental College
University of Louisiana at Lafayette
Reward
Institute for Brain Sciences
Institute of Applied Psychology
Department of Social and Work Psychology
Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Department of Psychology
Department of Psychology and Neuroscience
Ashoka University
Department of Psychology
Lancaster University
Centre for the Advancement of Research on Emotion
Department of Psychology
Psychology Department
Max Planck Institute for Research on Collective Goods
School of Psychology
School of Anthropology and Museum Ethnography
Social Science Research Institute
School of Psychology and Centre for Brain Research
Florida International University
Universitas Indonesia
Department of Psychology
Busara Center for Behavioral Economics
Üsküdar University
Maastricht University
National and Kapodistrian University of Athens
New York University
Karolinska Institutet
Institute of Psychology
Center for Research on Cognition and Behavior
Department of Psychology
Ege University
Department of Management
Lomonosov Moscow State University
Center of Psychology
Department of Psychology
Institute of Decision Science for a Sustainable Society
University of Geneva
UniDistance Switzerland
Research Methods
Department of Psychology
University of Brasilia
Witten/Herdecke University
Department of Psychology
Department of Psychology
FOM University of Applied Sciences
Leibniz-Institut für Wissensmedien
University of Amsterdam
M. Narikbayev KAZGUU University
Aventura Social and DESSH
Prague University of Economics and Business
University of Siegen
School of Psychological and Behavioral Sciences
Aarhus University
Imperial College Business School
Department of Psychology
Manisa Celal Bayar University
The University of Queensland
Department of Psychology
University of Bonn
California State University
Romanian Academy
Babeș-Bolyai University
T A Pai Management Institute
Psychology Department
University of Konstanz
Université de Nîmes
Department of Clinical Psychology
Wolfson College
Department of Psychology
Charles University
Department of Psychology
Escuela de Psicología
School of Literature and Human Sciences
Faculty of Arts and Science
Kadir Has University
Department of Management and Marketing
Manhattan College
Psychological Institute of Russian Academy of Education
Department of Psychology
Louisiana State University
Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute (BCBDI)

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