From electrochemical performance to mechanical Issues: A review on silicon anode architectures for advanced lithium-ion batteries
Askaruly K. Supiyeva Z. Azat S. Yeszhan Y. Pan X. Ozoemena K. Dsoke S. Abbas Q.
15 December 2025Elsevier B.V.
Journal of Power Sources
2025#659
The increasing demand for high-energy-density lithium-ion batteries in electronics and electric vehicles has spurred significant research into silicon anodes. This article reviews key structural variants—nanostructured, micron-scale, and three-dimensional (3D) silicon anodes—highlighting their advantages, challenges, and solutions. While nanostructured silicon offers high specific capacity and stability, it suffers from low conductivity, significant volume expansion, and poor cycling life. To address these, strategies such as nanostructural Si designs, introducing conductive/buffering agents (e.g., graphene, MXene), and polymeric binders are discussed. Micron-scale silicon partially alleviates expansion due to its larger size, but still faces challenges in conductivity and cycling stability; morphological optimization strategies are explored. Conversely, 3D structured silicon demonstrates excellent electrochemical performance from its unique architecture, though conductivity and volume expansion remain issues. The review covers state-of-the-art methods, including the above approaches and functional additives, to achieve stable cycling. Finally, future development pathways such as novel structural designs, material innovation, and application prospects are considered, indicating silicons potential as a robust anode material for future lithium-ion batteries.
Electrochemical performance , Energy density , Lithium-ion batteries , Silicon anode structure , Volume expansion
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Satbayev University, Almaty, 050013, Kazakhstan
Institute of Combustion Problems, Almaty, 050012, Kazakhstan
Al Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, 050040, Kazakhstan
Zhongshan Advanced Functional Materials Engineering Technology Research Center, Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center, Laboratory of Advanced Functional Materials, Zhongshan Polytechnic, Zhongshan, 528400, China
School of Energy Science and Technology, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China
Molecular Sciences Institute, School of Chemistry, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, PO Wits, Johannesburg, 2050, South Africa
Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems, Department of Electrical Energy Storage, Heidenhofstr. 2, Freiburg, 79110, Germany
University of Freiburg, Department of Sustainable Systems Engineering (INATECH), Emmy-Noether-Straße, Freiburg, 279110, Germany
Faculty of Chemical Technology, Poznan University of Technology, Berdychowo 4, Poznan, 60-965, Poland
Institute for Chemistry and Technology of Materials, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, Graz, 8010, Austria
Satbayev University
Institute of Combustion Problems
Al Farabi Kazakh National University
Zhongshan Advanced Functional Materials Engineering Technology Research Center
School of Energy Science and Technology
Molecular Sciences Institute
Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems
University of Freiburg
Faculty of Chemical Technology
Institute for Chemistry and Technology of Materials
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