Global, regional, and national progress towards the 2030 global nutrition targets and forecasts to 2050: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021
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Ali B.A. Ali S.S. Suleman M. Aljunid S.M. Al-Mekhlafi H.M. Ariffin H. Almustanyir S. Baltatu O.C. Alomari M.A. Khader Y.S. Al-Tammemi A.B. Alvis-Guzman N. Alvis-Zakzuk N.J. Ameyaw E.K. Amin T.T. Amiri S. Amugsi D.A. Anagaw T.F.F. Belay S.A. Demeke D. Guadie H.A. Melaku Y.A. Ancuceanu R. Hostiuc M. Hostiuc S. Serban D. Angappan D. Ansari-Moghaddam A. Khammarnia M. Okati-Aliabad H. Sargazi S. Antriyandarti E. Anvari D. Anyasodor A.E. Sun J. Aripov T. Arkew M. Debele A.T. Kebira J.Y. Masrie A. Oumer A. Armocida B. Darshan B. Holla R. Unnikrishnan B. Ligade V.S. Rao C.R. Rao I.R. Dsouza H.L. Aryastami N.K. Tarigan I.U. Asaad M. Dongarwar D. Asemi Z. Asghari-Jafarabadi M. Awoke M.A. Chowdhury E.K. Thrift A.G. Xu R. Athari S.S. Atomsa G.H. Gerema U. Getachew M.E. Olana D.D. Ushula T.W. Atorkey P. Aujayeb A. Patel J. Azevedo R.M.S. da Silva D.D. Madureira-Carvalho Á.M. Badiye A.D. Kapoor N. Baghcheghi N. Koohestani H.R. Bagheri N. Bagherieh S. Mohseni M. Baig A.A. Baker J.L. Gebremeskel T.G. 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Sanjeev R.K. Saraswathy S.Y.I. Satpathy M. Sawhney M. Scarmeas N. Senthilkumaran S. Seylani A. Shah P.A. Shaikh M.A. Shama A.T.T. Shams-Beyranvand M. Shanawaz M. Shiri R. Shivarov V. Shuval K. Sibhat M.M. Silva L.M.L.R. Singh J.A. Singh N.P. Skryabina A.A. Song Y. Zou Z. Sunuwar D.R. Szeto M.D. Tabatabaeizadeh S.-A. Soodejani M.T. Tat N.Y. Thangaraju P. Thiyagarajan A. Tichopad A. Ticoalu J.H.V. Tillawi T. Tiruye T.Y. Tonelli M. Yang L. Topor-Madry R. Touvier M. Tran M.T.N. Ullah S. Undurraga E.A. Valizadeh R. Van den Eynde J. Vasankari T.J. Vlassov V. Waheed Y. Wang F. Weerakoon K.G. Wickramasinghe N.D. Wei M.Y. Yano Y. Yiğit A. Yiğit V. Yon D.K. Zaman S.B. Zanghì A. Zare I.
21 December 2024Elsevier B.V.
The Lancet
2024#404Issue 104712543 - 2583 pp.
Background: The six global nutrition targets (GNTs) related to low birthweight, exclusive breastfeeding, child growth (ie, wasting, stunting, and overweight), and anaemia among females of reproductive age were chosen by the World Health Assembly in 2012 as key indicators of maternal and child health, but there has yet to be a comprehensive report on progress for the period 2012 to 2021. We aimed to evaluate levels, trends, and observed-to-expected progress in prevalence and attributable burden from 2012 to 2021, with prevalence projections to 2050, in 204 countries and territories. Methods: The prevalence and attributable burden of each target indicator were estimated by age group, sex, and year in 204 countries and territories from 2012 to 2021 in the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2021, the most comprehensive assessment of causes of death, disability, and risk factors to date. Country-specific relative performance to date was evaluated with a Bayesian meta-regression model that compares prevalence to expected values based on Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a composite indicator of societal development status. Target progress was forecasted from 2021 up to 2050 by modelling past trends with meta-regression using a combination of key quantities and then extrapolating future projections of those quantities. Findings: In 2021, a few countries had already met some of the GNTs: five for exclusive breastfeeding, four for stunting, 96 for child wasting, and three for child overweight, and none met the target for low birthweight or anaemia in females of reproductive age. Since 2012, the annualised rates of change (ARC) in the prevalence of child overweight increased in 201 countries and territories and ARC in the prevalence of anaemia in females of reproductive age decreased considerably in 26 countries. Between 2012 and 2021, SDI was strongly associated with indicator prevalence, apart from exclusive breastfeeding (|r-|=0·46–0·86). Many countries in sub-Saharan Africa had a decrease in the prevalence of multiple indicators that was more rapid than expected on the basis of SDI (the differences between observed and expected ARCs for child stunting and wasting were –0·5% and –1·3%, respectively). The ARC in the attributable burden of low birthweight, child stunting, and child wasting decreased faster than the ARC of the prevalence for each in most low-income and middle-income countries. In 2030, we project that 94 countries will meet one of the six targets, 21 countries will meet two targets, and 89 countries will not meet any targets. We project that seven countries will meet the target for exclusive breastfeeding, 28 for child stunting, and 101 for child wasting, and no countries will meet the targets for low birthweight, child overweight, and anaemia. In 2050, we project that seven additional countries will meet the target for exclusive breastfeeding, five for low birthweight, 96 for child stunting, nine for child wasting, and one for child overweight, and no countries are projected to meet the anaemia target. Interpretation: Based on current levels and past trends, few GNTs will be met by 2030. Major reductions in attributable burden for exclusive breastfeeding and anthropometric indicators should be recognised as huge scientific and policy successes, but the comparative lack of progress in reducing the prevalence of each, along with stagnant anaemia in women of reproductive age and widespread increases in child overweight, suggests a tenuous status quo. Continued investment in preventive and treatment efforts for acute childhood illness is crucial to prevent backsliding. Parallel development of effective treatments, along with commitment to multisectoral, long-term policies to address the determinants and causes of suboptimal nutrition, are sorely needed to gain ground. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
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Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
School of Health Systems and Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
Department of Anesthesiology & Pain Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
Department of Clinical Governance and Quality Improvement, Aleta Wondo General Hospital, Aleta Wondo, Ethiopia
Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Epidemiology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Urology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Community Nutrition, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Cancer Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Obesity Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Neurosurgery, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Pharmacology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Medical Education, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Epidemiology, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
Pediatric Dentistry and Dental Public Health Department, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
Department of Surgery, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, United States
Department of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
Department of Pediatrics, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
Community and Maternity Nursing Unit, University of Duhok, Duhok, Iraq
National Institute of Epidemiology, Indian Council of Medical Research, Chennai, India
Laboratory Technology Sciences Department, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
Department of Nursing, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
Department of Community Medicine, Babcock University, Ilishan-Remo, Nigeria
Department of Family and Community Health, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
Department of Population and Behavioural Sciences, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
Institute of Health Research, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Iranian Research Center for HIV/AIDS (IRCHA), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Ophthalmology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Students’ Scientific Research Center (SSRC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Non Communicable Diseases Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Childrens Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Tehran Heart Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Neurology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
Department of Biomedical Science, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
Department of Medical Anatomy, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
Department of Anatomy, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
Department of Public Health, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
Department of Physiotherapy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
Clinical Sciences Department, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
Sharjah Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
Department of Biopharmaceutics and Clinical Pharmacy, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
Institute of Community and Public Health, Birzeit University, Ramallah, Palestine
Department of Clinical Medicine, American University of Antigua, Coolidge, Antigua and Barbuda
FIU Robert Stempel College of Public Health & Social Work, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States
Department of Epidemiology, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States
Department of Health System Management, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia
Department of Public Health, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia
Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia
Department of Public Health, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia
School of Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
School of Architecture, Design, and Planning, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Menzies Centre for Health Policy and Economics, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Save Sight Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Department of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Centre for Social Research in Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
St George and Sutherland Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
School of Population Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Department of Community Health and Epidemiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
Department of Public Health, Federal Ministry of Health, Abuja, Nigeria
Department of Public Health, Universitas Padjadjaran (Padjadjaran University), Bandung, Indonesia
Technical Services Directorate, MSI Nigeria Reproductive Choices, Abuja, Nigeria
School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Pars Advanced and Minimally Invasive Medical Manners Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Health Management and Economics Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Ophthalmology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Minimally Invasive Surgery Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Preventive Medicine and Public Health Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Community and Family Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Community Medicine, King Edward Memorial Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan
Department of Public Health, Public Health Institute, Lahore, Pakistan
Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies GF Ingrassia, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
Department of General Surgery and Medical-Surgical Specialties, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
School of Public Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Department of Medical Biochemistry, Shaqra University, Shaqra, Saudi Arabia
College of Medicine, Shaqra University, Shaqra, Saudi Arabia
Department of Pharmacology, Shaqra University, Shaqra, Saudi Arabia
Department of Health and Biological Sciences, Abasyn University, Peshawar, Pakistan
Department of Natural Sciences, Lebanese American University, Beirut, Lebanon
Gilbert and Rose-Marie Chagoury School of Medicine, Lebanese American University, Beirut, Lebanon
School of Public Health, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
Modeling in Health Research Center, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
Department of Pharmacy Practice, Riphah Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Islamabad, Pakistan
Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health (IDGPH), University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
Institute of Public Health, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
Family Medicine Department, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
Faculty of Medicine and Public Health, Jenderal Soedirman University, Purwokerto, Indonesia
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
Department of Geriatric and Long Term Care, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
Rumailah Hospital, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
Faculty of Pharmacy, Philadelphia University, Amman, Jordan
Faculty of Nursing, Philadelphia University, Amman, Jordan
School of Pharmacy, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
Department of Research and Development, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
Department of Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
Clinical Epidemiology Center, US Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), St. Louis, MO, United States
Department of Cardiac Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Erbil Technical Health College, Erbil Polytechnic University, Erbil, Iraq
School of Pharmacy, Tishk International University, Erbil, Iraq
Center for Biotechnology and Microbiology, University of Swat, Swat, Pakistan
Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
International Centre for Casemix and Clinical Coding, National University of Malaysia, Bandar Tun Razak, Malaysia
Department of Parasitology, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Department of Paediatrics, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
University of Malaya Medical Centre, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Department of Parasitology, Sanaa University, Sanaa, Yemen
College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
Department of Rehabilitation Sciences and Physical Therapy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
Department of Public Health, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
Research, Policy, and Training Directorate, Jordan Center for Disease Control, Amman, Jordan
Applied Science Research Center, Applied Science Private University, Amman, Jordan
Research Group in Health Economics, Universidad de Cartagena (University of Cartagena), Cartagena, Colombia
Research Group in Hospital Management and Health Policies, Universidad de la Costa (University of the Coast), Barranquilla, Colombia
Department of Economic Sciences, Universidad de la Costa (University of the Coast), Barranquilla, Colombia
National Health Observatory, National Institute of Health, Bogota, Colombia
School of Graduate Studies, Lingnan University, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
Public Health and Community Medicine Department, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
Quran and Hadith Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Maternal and Child Wellbeing, African Population and Health Research Center, Nairobi, Kenya
Department of Health Promotion, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
Department of Biomedical Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
Department of Physiology, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
Department of Health Informatics, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
Department of Public Health Nutrition, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
Faculty of Pharmacy, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
Department of Internal Medicine, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
Department of Legal Medicine and Bioethics, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
Department of General Surgery, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
Department of Child Neurology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
Health Promotion Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
Department of Biochemistry, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
Agribusiness Study Program, Sebelas Maret University, Surakarta, Indonesia
Department of Parasitology, Iranshahr University of Medical Sciences, Iranshahr, Iran
Rural Health Research Institute, Charles Sturt University, Orange, NSW, Australia
Public Health and Healthcare Management, Tashkent Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
Boston Childrens Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
Department of Health Policy and Management, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
Department of Nutrition and Reproductive Health, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
School of Public Health, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
Department of Cardiovascular, Endocrine-Metabolic Diseases and Aging, Istituto Superiore di Sanità (ISS), Rome, Italy
Department of Physiotherapy, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
Manipal Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
Department of Pharmaceutical Regulatory Affairs and Management, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
Department of Community Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
Department of Nephrology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
National Research and Innovation Agency, Jakarta, Indonesia
Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Texas, Houston, TX, United States
Health Science Center, University of Texas, Houston, TX, United States
Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
Cabrini Research, Cabrini Health, Malvern, VIC, Australia
School of Public Health and Preventative Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
Department of Epidemiology and Preventative Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
Department of Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
Department of Immunology, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
Pediatrics and Child Health Nursing, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
Department of Public Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
Department of Biomedical Sciences, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
Department of Dietetics and Nutrition, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
Australian College of Applied Professions, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Northumbria HealthCare NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
School of Dentistry, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
Department of Sciences, Cooperativa de Ensino Superior Politécnico e Universitário (University Polytechnic Higher Education Cooperative) (CESPU), Gandra, Portugal
Toxicology Research Unit (TOXRUN), Cooperativa de Ensino Superior Politécnico e Universitário (University Polytechnic Higher Education Cooperative) (CESPU), Gandra, Portugal
Department of Forensic Science, Government Institute of Forensic Science Nagpur, Nagpur, India
Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University, Nagpur, India
Department of Nursing, Saveh University of Medical Sciences, Saveh, Iran
Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Saveh University of Medical Sciences, Saveh, Iran
Health Research Institute, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, Australia
School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
Department of Health Services Management, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
International Medical School, Management and Science University, Alam, Malaysia
Center for Clinical Research and Prevention, Bispebjerg University Hospital, Frederiksberg, Denmark
Health Care Management Department, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
Health Economics Unit, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute (FHMRI), Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
Department of Nursing and Health Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
Center of Innovation, Technology and Education (CITE), Anhembi Morumbi University, São José dos Campos, Brazil
Department of Hypertension, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
Polish Mothers Memorial Hospital Research Institute, Lodz, Poland
Department of Non-communicable Diseases, Bangladesh University of Health Sciences, Dhaka, Bangladesh
Heidelberg Institute of Global Health (HIGH), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
Department of Ophthalmology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
Division of Cardiology, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
Maternal Fetal Care Center, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
Department of Health Policy and Oral Epidemiology, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
Department of Public and Environmental Health, University of The Gambia, Banjul, Gambia
Department of Epidemiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
Health Information Management, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
Maternal Fetal Medicine Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
Basic Science Laboratory, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
Department of Biostatistics, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
Health Policy Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
Non-communicable Disease Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
Department of Community Medicine, Sri Manakula Vinayagar Medical College and Hospital, Puducherry, Puducherry, India
Department of Academics, Indian Institute of Public Health, Gurgaon, India
Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Krishna Vishwa Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Karad, India
Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Krishna Vishwa Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Karad, India
Department of Public Health Dentistry, Krishna Vishwa Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Karad, India
School of the Environment, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
Department of Genetics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
School of Health Policy and Management, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
Department of Preventive Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
Department of Biological Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
Research Unit on Applied Molecular Biosciences (UCIBIO), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry (LAQV), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (i3S), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
Department of Internal Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
Center for Clinical and Epidemiological Research, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
Department of Public Health, Madda Walabu University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Jimma University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines
National Institutes of Health, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines
Department of Epidemiology, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
Metabolomics Laboratory, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
Hypertension and Kidney Disease Laboratory, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
Department of Microbiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Department of Public Health, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, United States
Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, United States
Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
Department of Community Medicine and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
School of Public Health, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
Department of Surgical Oncology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
Global Health Neurology Lab, NSW Brain Clot Bank, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Division of Cerebrovascular Medicine and Neurology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan
Centre for Global Child Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
Centre of Excellence in Women & Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
Division of Women and Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
Department of Community Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
Department of Pediatric Neurology, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
School of Business Administration, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
Cancer Population Sciences Program, University of Florida Health Cancer Center, Gainesville, FL, United States
Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Central Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
Department of Biotechnology, University of Central Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
School of Public Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
Al Shifa School of Public Health, Al Shifa Trust Eye Hospital, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Craiova, Romania, Romania
Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires (Italian Hospital of Buenos Aires), Buenos Aires, Argentina
Board of Directors, Argentine Society of Medicine, Buenos Aires, Argentina
Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Anhembi Morumbi University, Sao Jose dos Campos, Brazil
Department of Biomedical Engineering, Center of Innovation, Technology and Education (CITE), São José dos Campos Technology Park, Brazil
Department of Health Care, Metropolitan Autonomous University, Mexico City, Mexico
Faculty of Health Sciences, University Fernando Pessoa, Porto, Portugal
Colombian National Health Observatory, Instituto Nacional de Salud (National Institute of Health), Bogota, Colombia
Epidemiology and Public Health Evaluation Group, National University of Colombia, Bogota, Colombia
Department of Public Health, National University of Colombia, Bogota, Colombia
Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
MultiMedica Sesto San Giovanni IRCCS, Sesto San Giovanni, Italy
Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, La Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
School of Public Health, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
Non-communicable Diseases Division, National Institute of Epidemiology, Chennai, India
Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, National Institute of Epidemiology, Chennai, India
Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
School of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
Department of Community Medicine, Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences, Sawangi, India
Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Indian Institute of Public Health, Shillong, India
Department of Laboratory Medicine, Taichung Tzu-Chi Hospital Buddhist Tzu-Chi Medical Foundation, Tanzih, Taiwan
Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Central Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taiwan
Iraq Field Epidemiology Training Program (I-FETP), Ministry of Health, Baghdad, Iraq
Department of Community Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Wardha, India
School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
The Interdisciplinary Research Group on Biomedicine and Health, VNU International School (VNUIS), Hanoi, Viet Nam
Faculty of Applied Sciences, VNU International School (VNUIS), Hanoi, Viet Nam
Department of Paediatric Surgery, Federal Medical Centre, Umuahia, Nigeria
Department of Health Informatics, University College London, London, United Kingdom
Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Unit, University College London, London, United Kingdom
Health Data Research UK, London, United Kingdom
Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
Department of Maternal-Child Nursing and Public Health, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
Department of Health Policy and Management, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
School of Psychology, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
Southampton Clinical Trials Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, New York University, New York, NY, United States
Institute for Excellence in Health Equity, New York University, New York, NY, United States
Department of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Technologies, Cooperativa de Ensino Superior Politécnico e Universitário (Polytechnic and University Higher Education Cooperative), Vila Nova de Famalicão, Portugal
Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria
Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
Public Health Foundation of India, Gurugram, India
Non-communicable Diseases Division (NCD), Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
Department of Biostatistics, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
Department of Information Technology, University of Human Development, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq
Department of Biochemistry, Ministry of Health and Welfare, New Delhi, India
Health Research Institute, Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
Director of the Scientific and Technological Park, Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
Center for Nutrition and Health Research, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico
Department of Obesity, Diabetes and Cardiovascular Risk, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico
Center for Health Systems Research, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico
Department of Research, Gujarat Adani Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhuj, India
Department of Surgical Nursing, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
Department of Human Physiology, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
Department of Health Promotion and Health Behavior, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
Department of Hematology and Immunohematology, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
Department of Clinical Midwifery, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
Department of Pharmacology, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
Institute of Publi
Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation
Department of Global Health
Department of Applied Mathematics
Department of Health Metrics Sciences
School of Health Systems and Public Health
Department of Anesthesiology & Pain Medicine
Department of Clinical Governance and Quality Improvement
Non-communicable Diseases Research Center
Department of Epidemiology
National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute
Department of Urology
Department of Community Nutrition
Social Determinants of Health Research Center
Cancer Research Center
Obesity Research Center
School of Medicine
Department of Neurosurgery
Department of Pharmacology
Department of Medical Education
Department of Epidemiology
Pediatric Dentistry and Dental Public Health Department
Department of Surgery
Department of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases
Department of Pediatrics
Community and Maternity Nursing Unit
National Institute of Epidemiology
Laboratory Technology Sciences Department
Department of Nursing
Department of Community Medicine
Department of Family and Community Health
Department of Population and Behavioural Sciences
Institute of Health Research
University of Health and Allied Sciences
Research Center for Immunodeficiencies
Iranian Research Center for HIV/AIDS (IRCHA)
Non-communicable Diseases Research Center
Department of Ophthalmology
Students’ Scientific Research Center (SSRC)
Non Communicable Diseases Research Center
School of Medicine
Childrens Medical Center
Department of Pediatric Cardiology
Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center
Tehran Heart Center
Digestive Diseases Research Institute
Department of Neurology
Faculty of Medicine
Department of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology
Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics
Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery
Department of Biomedical Science
Department of Medical Anatomy
Department of Anatomy
Department of Public Health
Department of Clinical Sciences
Department of Physiotherapy
Clinical Sciences Department
College of Medicine
Sharjah Institute of Medical Sciences
University of Sharjah
Department of Biopharmaceutics and Clinical Pharmacy
Institute of Community and Public Health
Department of Clinical Medicine
FIU Robert Stempel College of Public Health & Social Work
Department of Epidemiology
Department of Health System Management
Department of Public Health
Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care
Department of Public Health
School of Medicine
School of Architecture
Menzies Centre for Health Policy and Economics
Sydney Medical School
Save Sight Institute
Department of Public Health
Centre for Social Research in Health
St George and Sutherland Clinical School
School of Population Health
Department of Community Health and Epidemiology
Department of Public Health
Department of Public Health
Technical Services Directorate
School of Medicine
Pars Advanced and Minimally Invasive Medical Manners Research Center
Health Management and Economics Research Center
Department of Ophthalmology
Minimally Invasive Surgery Research Center
Preventive Medicine and Public Health Research Center
Department of Community and Family Medicine
Iran University of Medical Sciences
Department of Community Medicine
Department of Public Health
Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies GF Ingrassia
Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences
Department of General Surgery and Medical-Surgical Specialties
Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine
School of Public Health
Department of Medical Biochemistry
College of Medicine
Department of Pharmacology
Department of Health and Biological Sciences
Department of Natural Sciences
Gilbert and Rose-Marie Chagoury School of Medicine
School of Public Health
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics
Modeling in Health Research Center
Department of Pharmacy Practice
Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health (IDGPH)
Institute of Public Health
Family Medicine Department
Faculty of Medicine and Public Health
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics
Department of Geriatric and Long Term Care
Rumailah Hospital
Faculty of Pharmacy
Faculty of Nursing
School of Pharmacy
Department of Research and Development
Department of Surgery
Clinical Epidemiology Center
Department of Cardiac Sciences
Pediatric Intensive Care Unit
Erbil Technical Health College
School of Pharmacy
Center for Biotechnology and Microbiology
Department of Public Health and Community Medicine
International Centre for Casemix and Clinical Coding
Department of Parasitology
Department of Paediatrics
University of Malaya Medical Centre
Department of Parasitology
College of Medicine
Ministry of Health
Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Sciences
Department of Rehabilitation Sciences and Physical Therapy
Department of Public Health
Research
Applied Science Research Center
Research Group in Health Economics
Research Group in Hospital Management and Health Policies
Department of Economic Sciences
National Health Observatory
School of Graduate Studies
Public Health and Community Medicine Department
Quran and Hadith Research Center
Department of Maternal and Child Wellbeing
Department of Health Promotion
Department of Biomedical Sciences
Department of Physiology
Department of Health Informatics
Department of Public Health Nutrition
Faculty of Pharmacy
Department of Internal Medicine
Department of Legal Medicine and Bioethics
Department of General Surgery
Department of Child Neurology
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics
Health Promotion Research Center
Department of Biochemistry
Agribusiness Study Program
Department of Parasitology
Rural Health Research Institute
Public Health and Healthcare Management
Boston Childrens Hospital
Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences
Department of Health Policy and Management
Department of Nutrition and Reproductive Health
School of Public Health
Department of Cardiovascular
Department of Physiotherapy
Manipal Medical College
Department of Pharmaceutical Regulatory Affairs and Management
Department of Community Medicine
Department of Nephrology
Manipal Academy of Higher Education
National Research and Innovation Agency
Department of Plastic Surgery
Health Science Center
Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases
Cabrini Research
School of Public Health and Preventative Medicine
Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine
Department of Epidemiology and Preventative Medicine
Department of Medicine
School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine
Department of Immunology
Pediatrics and Child Health Nursing
Department of Public Health
Department of Biomedical Sciences
Department of Dietetics and Nutrition
School of Medicine and Public Health
Australian College of Applied Professions
Northumbria HealthCare NHS Foundation Trust
Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine
School of Dentistry
Department of Sciences
Toxicology Research Unit (TOXRUN)
Department of Forensic Science
Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University
Department of Nursing
Social Determinants of Health Research Center
Health Research Institute
School of Medicine
Department of Health Services Management
International Medical School
Center for Clinical Research and Prevention
Health Care Management Department
College of Medicine and Public Health
Health Economics Unit
Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute (FHMRI)
Department of Nursing and Health Sciences
Center of Innovation
Department of Hypertension
Polish Mothers Memorial Hospital Research Institute
Department of Non-communicable Diseases
Heidelberg Institute of Global Health (HIGH)
Department of Ophthalmology
T.H. Chan School of Public Health
Dana-Farber Cancer Institute
Division of Cardiology
Maternal Fetal Care Center
Department of Health Policy and Oral Epidemiology
Department of Global Health and Population
Department of Pediatrics
Department of Medicine
Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences
Department of Public and Environmental Health
Department of Epidemiology
Health Information Management
Maternal Fetal Medicine Research Center
Basic Science Laboratory
Department of Biostatistics
Health Policy Research Center
Non-communicable Disease Research Center
Department of Community Medicine
Department of Academics
Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology
Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology
Department of Public Health Dentistry
School of the Environment
Department of Internal Medicine
Department of Psychiatry
Department of Genetics
School of Health Policy and Management
Department of Preventive Medicine
Department of Biological Sciences
Research Unit on Applied Molecular Biosciences (UCIBIO)
Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry (LAQV)
Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (i3S)
Nuffield Department of Population Health
Department of Internal Medicine
Center for Clinical and Epidemiological Research
Department of Public Health
Department of Nutrition and Dietetics
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics
National Institutes of Health
Department of Epidemiology
Metabolomics Laboratory
Hypertension and Kidney Disease Laboratory
Department of Microbiology
Department of Public Health
Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology
Department of Anatomy
Department of Community Medicine and Family Medicine
School of Public Health
Department of Pharmacology
Department of Surgical Oncology
Global Health Neurology Lab
Division of Cerebrovascular Medicine and Neurology
Centre for Global Child Health
Temerty Faculty of Medicine
Centre of Excellence in Women & Child Health
Division of Women and Child Health
Department of Community Medicine
Department of Pediatric Neurology
School of Business Administration
Cancer Population Sciences Program
Faculty of Pharmacy
Department of Biotechnology
School of Public Health Sciences
Al Shifa School of Public Health
Department of Clinical Pharmacy
Department of Internal Medicine
Board of Directors
Institute of Biomedical Engineering
Department of Biomedical Engineering
Department of Health Care
Faculty of Health Sciences
Colombian National Health Observatory
Epidemiology and Public Health Evaluation Group
Department of Public Health
Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences
Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health
Department of Food
MultiMedica Sesto San Giovanni IRCCS
Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases
Department of Nutrition
Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research
School of Public Health
Non-communicable Diseases Division
Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics
Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine
School of Medicine
Department of Community Medicine
Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology
Department of Laboratory Medicine
Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology
Iraq Field Epidemiology Training Program (I-FETP)
Department of Community Medicine
School of Public Health
The Interdisciplinary Research Group on Biomedicine and Health
Faculty of Applied Sciences
Department of Paediatric Surgery
Department of Health Informatics
Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Unit
Health Data Research UK
Department of Nutrition
Department of Maternal-Child Nursing and Public Health
Department of Biostatistics
Department of Health Policy and Management
Johns Hopkins University
School of Psychology
Southampton Clinical Trials Unit
Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
Institute for Excellence in Health Equity
Department of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Technologies
Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics
Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology
Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care
Public Health Foundation of India
Non-communicable Diseases Division (NCD)
Department of Biostatistics
Indian Council of Medical Research
Department of Medical Microbiology
Department of Pediatrics
Department of Information Technology
Department of Biochemistry
Health Research Institute
Director of the Scientific and Technological Park
Center for Nutrition and Health Research
Department of Obesity
Center for Health Systems Research
Department of Research
Department of Surgical Nursing
Department of Human Physiology
Department of Health Promotion and Health Behavior
Department of Hematology and Immunohematology
Department of Clinical Midwifery
Department of Pharmacology
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