Are Graphene-Based Nanomaterials Safe for Biomedical Applications?
Amrollahi-Sharifabadi M. Oladejo T.O. Parhizkar E. Nomier Y.
December 2025Springer
BioNanoScience
2025#15Issue 4
One of the achievements of nanotechnology is the production of nanomaterials with versatile properties. In recent decades, there has been a growing interest in the use of graphene-based nanomaterials (GBNs) in various biomedical applications. The unique properties of these nanomaterials have made them a suitable and potential candidate for different biomedical applications. However, one of the main concerns that hurdle the usage of these nanomaterials is their biocompatibility and safety. In this regard, what makes the safety evaluation of these new and engineered nanomaterials more complicated is that these nanomaterials show different physicochemical properties and biological activities, which in turn is due to differences in size and dimensions, shape, surface area, surface charge, surface coating properties, synthesis method, to name a few. Therefore, appraisal of the safety and potential organ damage and toxicity of GBNs before using them in different biological and medical fields will be a necessary and unavoidable issue. This article reviews the studies conducted for evaluating the safety of these substances in cellular, in vitro, and in vivo animal models presenting updated information regarding the toxicological profiles as well as molecular mechanisms of toxicities. The results show that the characteristics of GBNs determine different toxicological profiles of these nanomaterials. Therefore, it is suggested to conduct future studies on elucidating toxicological profiles of newly synthesized GBNs, leveraging strategies to mitigate toxicities of these nanomaterials by tuning characteristics with previously shown lower toxicities, to maintain the safety profiles for biomedical applications.
Biomedical , Graphene , Graphene oxide , Nanomaterial , Nanotechnology , Toxicology
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Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Lorestan University, Khorramabad, 68151-44316, Iran
Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Nazarbayev School of Medicine, Astana, Kazakhstan
Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, 71468 64685, Iran
Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Al-Khod, Oman
Department of Basic Sciences
Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology
Department of Pharmaceutics
Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy
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