Quantifying the Stability–defect–layer Trade-off in Surfactant-assisted Fluid-dynamic Exfoliation of Few-layer Graphene
Amri A. Sarma D. Utama P.S. Febryza D. Altarawneh M. Jumbri K. Taha H. Miran H.A. Jaf Z.N. Rahman M.M. Assylzhan M. Jiang Z.T.
19 December 2025Budapest University of Technology and Economics
Periodica Polytechnica Chemical Engineering
2025#69Issue 4632 - 648 pp.
In this paper we report an all-aqueous fluid-dynamic exfoliation route to low-defect few-layer graphene (FLG) using the non-ionic surfactant Triton X-100. Systematic variation of surfactant concentration (1–5 wt%) and processing time (0.5–1.5 h) revealed a quantitative interplay among stability, defect, and layer. Raman spectroscopy and 2D band Lorentzian modeling revealed that the few-layer graphene (FLG) predominantly consists of four layers, with very low defect ratios (ID /IG = 0.02–0.11; I2D /IG = 0.18–0.30). Raman imaging confirmed spatially uniform G band intensity, while the edge-activated D band signals indicated residual edge defects characteristic of shear-cleaved flakes. Transmission electron microscopy and particle size analysis yielded lateral sizes of ~1.29– 1.43 µm with a narrow distribution. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy verified that the defects were not oxidation-derived, while UV–Vis showed graphene π–π absorption at 270–276 nm. This work establishes a short-duration, low-cost, and solvent-free approach for producing stable FLG suitable for liquid-phase applications and provides process–structure metrics for benchmarking across exfoliation studies.
characterizations , exfoliation time , few-layer graphene (FLG) , fluid-dynamic exfoliation (FDE) , surfactant concentration
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Department of Applied Science, Faculty of Science, Management & Computing, Universiti Teknologi Petronas, 32610, Perak, Seri Iskandar, Malaysia
Surface Analysis and Materials Engineering Research Group, School of Engineering and Information Technology, Murdoch University, South St. 90, Murdoch, 6150, WA, Australia
Department of Physics, College of Education for Pure Science (Ibn Al-Haitham), University of Baghdad, Al-Jadriya, P. O. B. 4732, Baghdad, 10071, Iraq
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Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Faculty of Technology, Taraz University named after M.Kh. Dulaty, Suleymenov 7, Taraz, 080000, Kazakhstan
Department of Chemical Engineering
Chemical and Petroleum Engineering Department
Department of Applied Science
Surface Analysis and Materials Engineering Research Group
Department of Physics
Department of Physics
Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technology
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