Population genomics of post-glacial western Eurasia

Allentoft M.E. Sikora M. Refoyo-Martínez A. Irving-Pease E.K. Fischer A. Barrie W. Ingason A. Stenderup J. Sjögren K.-G. Pearson A. Sousa da Mota B. Schulz Paulsson B. Halgren A. Macleod R. Jørkov M.L.S. Demeter F. Sørensen L. Nielsen P.O. Henriksen R.A. Vimala T. McColl H. Margaryan A. Ilardo M. Vaughn A. Fischer Mortensen M. Nielsen A.B. Ulfeldt Hede M. Johannsen N.N. Rasmussen P. Vinner L. Renaud G. Stern A. Jensen T.Z.T. Scorrano G. Schroeder H. Lysdahl P. Ramsøe A.D. Skorobogatov A. Schork A.J. Rosengren A. Ruter A. Outram A. Timoshenko A.A. Buzhilova A. Coppa A. Zubova A. Silva A.M. Hansen A.J. Gromov A. Logvin A. Gotfredsen A.B. Henning Nielsen B. González-Rabanal B. Lalueza-Fox C. McKenzie C.J. Gaunitz C. Blasco C. Liesau C. Martinez-Labarga C. Pozdnyakov D.V. Cuenca-Solana D. Lordkipanidze D.O. En’shin D. Salazar-García D.C. Price T.D. Borić D. Kostyleva E. Veselovskaya E.V. Usmanova E.R. Cappellini E. Brinch Petersen E. Kannegaard E. Radina F. Eylem Yediay F. Duday H. Gutiérrez-Zugasti I. Merts I. Potekhina I. Shevnina I. Altinkaya I. Guilaine J. Hansen J. Aura Tortosa J.E. Zilhão J. Vega J. Buck Pedersen K. Tunia K. Zhao L. Mylnikova L.N. Larsson L. Metz L. Yepiskoposyan L. Pedersen L. Sarti L. Orlando L. Slimak L. Klassen L. Blank M. González-Morales M. Silvestrini M. Vretemark M. Nesterova M.S. Rykun M. Rolfo M.F. Szmyt M. Przybyła M. Calattini M. Sablin M. Dobisíková M. Meldgaard M. Johansen M. Berezina N. Card N. Saveliev N.A. Poshekhonova O. Rickards O. Lozovskaya O.V. Gábor O. Uldum O.C. Aurino P. Kosintsev P. Courtaud P. Ríos P. Mortensen P. Lotz P. Persson P. Bangsgaard P. de Barros Damgaard P. Vang Petersen P. Martinez P.P. Włodarczak P. Smolyaninov R.V. Maring R. Menduiña R. Badalyan R. Iversen R. Turin R. Vasilyev S. Wåhlin S. Borutskaya S. Skochina S. Sørensen S.A. Andersen S.H. Jørgensen T. Serikov Y.B. Molodin V.I. Smrcka V. Merts V. Appadurai V. Moiseyev V. Magnusson Y. Kjær K.H. Lynnerup N. Lawson D.J. Sudmant P.H. Rasmussen S. Korneliussen T.S. Durbin R. Nielsen R. Delaneau O. Werge T. Racimo F. Kristiansen K. Willerslev E.
11 January 2024 Nature Research

Nature
2024 #625 Issue 7994 301 - 311 pp.

Western Eurasia witnessed several large-scale human migrations during the Holocene^1–5. Here, to investigate the cross-continental effects of these migrations, we shotgun-sequenced 317 genomes—mainly from the Mesolithic and Neolithic periods—from across northern and western Eurasia. These were imputed alongside published data to obtain diploid genotypes from more than 1,600 ancient humans. Our analyses revealed a ‘great divide’ genomic boundary extending from the Black Sea to the Baltic. Mesolithic hunter-gatherers were highly genetically differentiated east and west of this zone, and the effect of the neolithization was equally disparate. Large-scale ancestry shifts occurred in the west as farming was introduced, including near-total replacement of hunter-gatherers in many areas, whereas no substantial ancestry shifts happened east of the zone during the same period. Similarly, relatedness decreased in the west from the Neolithic transition onwards, whereas, east of the Urals, relatedness remained high until around 4,000 bp, consistent with the persistence of localized groups of hunter-gatherers. The boundary dissolved when Yamnaya-related ancestry spread across western Eurasia around 5,000 bp, resulting in a second major turnover that reached most parts of Europe within a 1,000-year span. The genetic origin and fate of the Yamnaya have remained elusive, but we show that hunter-gatherers from the Middle Don region contributed ancestry to them. Yamnaya groups later admixed with individuals associated with the Globular Amphora culture before expanding into Europe. Similar turnovers occurred in western Siberia, where we report new genomic data from a ‘Neolithic steppe’ cline spanning the Siberian forest steppe to Lake Baikal. These prehistoric migrations had profound and lasting effects on the genetic diversity of Eurasian populations.

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Lundbeck Foundation GeoGenetics Centre, Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Trace and Environmental DNA (TrEnD) Laboratory, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
Department of Historical Studies, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
Sealand Archaeology, Kalundborg, Denmark
GeoGenetics Group, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Services, Copenhagen University Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark
Department of Computational Biology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, United States
Research Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London, United Kingdom
Department of Archaeology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
Laboratory of Biological Anthropology, Department of Forensic Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, Université de Paris, Musée de l’Homme, Paris, France
The National Museum of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
Section for Evolutionary Genomics, Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Centre for Evolutionary Hologenomics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Anthropology Department, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
Center for Computational Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, United States
Department of Geology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
Tårnby Gymnasium og HF, Kastrup, Denmark
Department of Archaeology and Heritage Studies, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
Department of Health Technology, Section of Bioinformatics, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
Vendsyssel Historiske Museum, Hjørring, Denmark
Terra Ltd., Voronezh, Russian Federation
Neurogenomics Division, The Translational Genomics Research Institute (TGEN), Phoenix, AZ, United States
Department of Archaeology, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
Institute of Archeology and Ethnography, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
Department of Anthropology, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russian Federation
Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
Peter the Great Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography (Kunstkamera), Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation
CIAS, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
UNIARQ, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
Kostanay Regional University A. Baitursynov, Kostanay, Kazakhstan
Vesthimmerlands Museum, Aars, Denmark
Grupo EvoAdapta, Departamento de Ciencias Históricas, Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, Spain
Institute of Evolutionary Biology, CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
Natural Sciences Museum of Barcelona (MCNB), Barcelona, Spain
Departamento de Prehistoria y Arqueología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
Instituto Internacional de Investigaciones Prehistóricas de Cantabria, Universidad de Cantabria, Banco Santander, Gobierno de Cantabria, Santander, Spain
Centre de Recherche en Archéologie, Archeosciences, Histoire (CReAAH), UMR-6869 CNRS, Rennes, France
Georgian National Museum, Tbilisi, Georgia
Tbilisi State University, Tbilisi, Georgia
IPND, Tyumen Scientific Centre, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Tyumen, Russian Federation
Departament de Prehistòria, Arqueologia i Història Antiga, Universitat de València, València, Spain
Department of Geological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
Laboratory for Archaeological Chemistry, Department of Anthropology, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, United States
Department of Anthropology, New York University, New York, NY, United States
Institute of Humanities, Ivanovo State University, Ivanovo, Russian Federation
Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
Saryarka Archaeological Institute, Buketov Karaganda University, Karaganda, Kazakhstan
South Ural State University, Chelyabinsk, Russian Federation
A. Kh. Khalikov Institute of Archeology of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Tatarstan, Kazan, Russian Federation
Margulan Institute of Archaeology, Committee of Science of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Almaty, Kazakhstan
The Saxo Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Museum Østjylland, Randers, Denmark
Soprintendenza Archeologia Belle Arti e Paesaggio per la Città Metropolitana di Bari, Bari, Italy
UMR 5199 PACEA, CNRS, Université de Bordeaux, Pessac, France
A.Kh. Margulan Institute of Archaeology, Almaty, Kazakhstan
Institute of Archaeology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
National University of Kyiv-Mohyla Academy, Kyiv, Ukraine
Collège de France, Paris, France
Svendborg Museum, Svendborg, Denmark
ICREA, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
ARGEA Consultores SL, Madrid, Spain
Museum Sydøstdanmark, Vordingborg, Denmark
Institute of Archaeology and Ethnology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
Department of Archaeology and Ancient History, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, Min. Culture, UMR 7269, LAMPEA, Maison Méditerranéenne des Sciences de l’Homme, Aix-en-Provence, France
Institute of Molecular Biology, National Academy of Sciences, Yerevan, Armenia
Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography, National Academy of Sciences, Yerevan, Armenia
HistorieUdvikler, Kalundborg, Denmark
Department of History and Cultural Heritage, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
Centre d’Anthropobiologie et de Génomique de Toulouse, CNRS UMR 5500, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
Soprintendenza per i Beni Archeologici delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
Västergötlands Museum, Skara, Sweden
Cabinet of Anthropology, Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russian Federation
Department of History, Humanities and Society, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
Faculty of Archaeology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Poznań, Poland
Institute of Archaeology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
Zoological Institute of Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation
Department of Anthropology, Czech National Museum, Prague, Czech Republic
Department of Health and Nature, University of Greenland, Nuuk, Greenland
The Viking Ship Museum, Roskilde, Denmark
Archaeology Institute, University of Highlands and Islands, Orkney, United Kingdom
Scientific Research Center “Baikal region”, Irkutsk State University, Irkutsk, Russian Federation
Laboratory for Experimental Traceology, Institute for the History of Material Culture of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation
Janus Pannonius Museum, Pécs, Hungary
Langelands Museum, Rudkøbing, Denmark
Soprintendenza Archeologia, Belle Arti e Paesaggio per la provincia di Cosenza, Cosenza, Italy
Paleoecology Laboratory, Institute of Plant and Animal Ecology, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ekaterinburg, Russian Federation
Department of History of the Institute of Humanities, Ural Federal University, Ekaterinburg, Russian Federation
Centre for the Study of Early Agricultural Societies, Department of Cross-Cultural and Regional Studies, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Museum Nordsjælland, Hillerød, Denmark
Museum Vestsjælland, Holbæk, Denmark
Museum of Cultural History, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
ArchaeoScience, Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Department of History, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
Lipetsk Regional Scientific Public Organisation “Archaeological Research”, Lipetsk, Russian Federation
Center for Egyptological Studies, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
Russian-Armenian University, Yerevan, Armenia
Moesgaard Museum, Højbjerg, Denmark
Nizhny Tagil State Socio-Pedagogical Institute, Nizhny Tagil, Russian Federation
Institute for History of Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
Centre for Archaeological Research, Toraighyrov University, Pavlodar, Kazakhstan
Malmö Museer, Malmö, Sweden
Institute of Statistical Sciences, School of Mathematics, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
Novo Nordisk Foundation Centre for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, United Kingdom
Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
MARUM Center for Marine Environmental Sciences and Faculty of Geosciences, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany

Lundbeck Foundation GeoGenetics Centre
Trace and Environmental DNA (TrEnD) Laboratory
Department of Historical Studies
Sealand Archaeology
GeoGenetics Group
Department of Genetics
Institute of Biological Psychiatry
Department of Computational Biology
Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics
Department of Integrative Biology
Research Department of Genetics
Department of Archaeology
Laboratory of Biological Anthropology
Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle
The National Museum of Denmark
Section for Evolutionary Genomics
Centre for Evolutionary Hologenomics
Anthropology Department
Center for Computational Biology
Department of Geology
Tårnby Gymnasium og HF
Department of Archaeology and Heritage Studies
Department of Health Technology
Vendsyssel Historiske Museum
Terra Ltd.
Neurogenomics Division
Department of Archaeology
Institute of Archeology and Ethnography
Department of Anthropology
Department of Environmental Biology
Peter the Great Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography (Kunstkamera)
CIAS
UNIARQ
Kostanay Regional University A. Baitursynov
Vesthimmerlands Museum
Grupo EvoAdapta
Institute of Evolutionary Biology
Natural Sciences Museum of Barcelona (MCNB)
Departamento de Prehistoria y Arqueología
Department of Biology
Instituto Internacional de Investigaciones Prehistóricas de Cantabria
Centre de Recherche en Archéologie
Georgian National Museum
Tbilisi State University
IPND
Departament de Prehistòria
Department of Geological Sciences
Laboratory for Archaeological Chemistry
Department of Anthropology
Institute of Humanities
Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology
Saryarka Archaeological Institute
South Ural State University
A. Kh. Khalikov Institute of Archeology of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Tatarstan
Margulan Institute of Archaeology
The Saxo Institute
Museum Østjylland
Soprintendenza Archeologia Belle Arti e Paesaggio per la Città Metropolitana di Bari
UMR 5199 PACEA
A.Kh. Margulan Institute of Archaeology
Institute of Archaeology
National University of Kyiv-Mohyla Academy
Collège de France
Svendborg Museum
ICREA
ARGEA Consultores SL
Museum Sydøstdanmark
Institute of Archaeology and Ethnology
Department of Archaeology and Ancient History
Aix-Marseille Université
Institute of Molecular Biology
Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography
HistorieUdvikler
Department of History and Cultural Heritage
Centre d’Anthropobiologie et de Génomique de Toulouse
Soprintendenza per i Beni Archeologici delle Marche
Västergötlands Museum
Cabinet of Anthropology
Department of History
Faculty of Archaeology
Institute of Archaeology
Zoological Institute of Russian Academy of Sciences
Department of Anthropology
Department of Health and Nature
The Viking Ship Museum
Archaeology Institute
Scientific Research Center “Baikal region”
Laboratory for Experimental Traceology
Janus Pannonius Museum
Langelands Museum
Soprintendenza Archeologia
Paleoecology Laboratory
Department of History of the Institute of Humanities
Centre for the Study of Early Agricultural Societies
Museum Nordsjælland
Museum Vestsjælland
Museum of Cultural History
ArchaeoScience
Department of History
Lipetsk Regional Scientific Public Organisation “Archaeological Research”
Center for Egyptological Studies
Russian-Armenian University
Moesgaard Museum
Nizhny Tagil State Socio-Pedagogical Institute
Institute for History of Medicine
Centre for Archaeological Research
Malmö Museer
Institute of Statistical Sciences
Novo Nordisk Foundation Centre for Protein Research
Wellcome Sanger Institute
Department of Clinical Medicine
MARUM Center for Marine Environmental Sciences and Faculty of Geosciences

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