Optimizing Magnet Spacing to Enhance Power and Energy Density in Magnetically Levitated Electromagnetic Vibration Energy Harvesters
Alimova M. Kadylbekkyzy E. Albanbay N. Issimova A. Ilesibekov R. Medetov B.
December 2025Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)
Micromachines
2025#16Issue 12
In this study, we investigate a magnetically levitated electromagnetic vibration energy harvester (EMEH), in which a movable permanent magnet levitates between two fixed magnets with like poles facing the central magnet. We develop a nonlinear EMEH model and validate it experimentally, achieving strong agreement with the prototype (R2 = 0.95 for RMS EMF). Using this model, we perform a parametric analysis of excitation frequency and the spacing between the fixed magnets (d), yielding practical design criteria for geometry selection. The validated model predicts a narrow maximum; for the present configuration and parameter bounds, it occurs at d ≈ 28 mm with Pout ≈ 151.94 mW, and the corresponding energy density is ρE ≈ 9.84 mW cm−3. These results yield a practical design rule for selecting d given target metrics and dimensional constraints, providing guidance for the design of compact, low-frequency harvesters powering autonomous sensor nodes.
bandwidth , electromagnetic generator , electromagnetic vibration transducer , energy density , IoT sensor nodes , magnetic levitation , nonlinear dynamics , self-induction
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Department of Telecommunication Engineering, Almaty University of Power Engineering and Telecommunications, Baitursynuly Street 126/1, Almaty, 050013, Kazakhstan
Institute of Automation and Information Technologies, Satbayev University, Satbayev 22, Almaty, 050013, Kazakhstan
Faculty of Physics and Technology, Department of Electronics and Astrophysics, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, 71 Al-Farabi Ave., Almaty, 050040, Kazakhstan
Faculty of Physics and Engineering, Department of Radio Engineering, Electronics and Telecommunications, Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Satpayev 2, Astana, 010008, Kazakhstan
Department of Telecommunication Engineering
Institute of Automation and Information Technologies
Faculty of Physics and Technology
Faculty of Physics and Engineering
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