The Effect of Economic and Environmental Parameters on the Optimality of Sustainable Hybrid Energy Systems
Alharbi M. Ongar B. Bibinur S. Alsayah A.M. Gharib N. Atamurotov F. Benti N.E.
January 2026John Wiley and Sons Ltd
Energy Science and Engineering
2026#14Issue 1519 - 539 pp.
The research considers an hourly residential load demand with a daily average of 988 kWh/day and investigates possible standalone systems, including solar panels (photovoltaic [PV]), wind turbines (WTs), diesel generator (DG), biogenerator (BG), and battery bank (Bat), to provide the load demand, for a case study located in Tabuk, Saudi Arabia, where the monthly solar radiation and wind speed are 5.74 kWh/m2/day and 5.33 m/s, respectively. In this study, enviroeconomic factors, including inflation and discount rates, capacity shortage and load demand, CO2 and SO2 penalties, diesel and biomass prices are considered, while they were not considered in the previous studies in Saudi Arabia. The results show that the net present cost and cost of energy of the optimized system are $1.03 M and 0.178 $/kWh, respectively. Additionally, the prices of diesel fuel and biomass have a significant impact on the CO2 emissions of the system, even with a 10% increase in the renewable fraction. The results of sensitivity analyses show that increasing the CO2 emission penalty from 20 to 80 $/ton leads to a decrease in CO2 emissions by 50%. The effect of the initial cost of WT on the configuration of the optimal system is higher than that of PV, and increasing both prices significantly leads to an increase in CO2 emissions.
biogenerator , HRES , renewable , solar energy , wind energy
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Mechanical Engineering Department, College of Engineering and Architecture, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
Department of Power Engineering, Satbayev University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
Refrigeration & Air-Condition Department, Technical Engineering College, The Islamic University, Najaf, Iraq
College of Engineering and Technology, American University of the Middle East, Egaila, Kuwait
The Department of Thermodynamics and Energy Audit, Tashkent State Technical University, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
Department of Physics, Urgench State University, Urgench, Uzbekistan
Department of Mathematics, University of Tashkent for Applied Sciences, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
Computational Data Science Program, College of Natural and Computational Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Mechanical Engineering Department
Department of Power Engineering
Refrigeration & Air-Condition Department
College of Engineering and Technology
The Department of Thermodynamics and Energy Audit
Department of Physics
Department of Mathematics
Computational Data Science Program
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