Investigating the cosmic distance duality relation with gamma-ray bursts

Alfano A.C. Cafaro C. Capozziello S. Luongo O. Muccino M.
January 2026 Elsevier B.V.

Journal of High Energy Astrophysics
2026 #49

Deviations from the so-called cosmic distance duality relation may result from systematic errors in distance measurements or, more interestingly, hint at new physics. Further, it can also be related to the Hubble constant tension between early and local measurements of H₀. Based on this, we test validity of this relation through a model-independent parameterization of the Hubble rate via the well-established Bézier polynomials approach. We seek for possible departures from the relation considering three parametrizations, i) a power-law correction, ii) a logarithmic correction and iii) a Padé series P_n,m(z) of order (1;2) with n=1 being the order of the numerator while m=2 is the order of the denominator. Then, assuming a flat scenario, we test them through Monte Carlo – Markov chain analyses that combine low- and intermediate/high-z data sets, such as observational Hubble data, the Pantheon catalog of type Ia supernovae, galaxy clusters, the second data release from the DESI Collaboration and gamma-ray bursts. In particular, we distinguish between Analysis A and Analysis C, depending whether the prompt emission E_iso−E_p or the prompt-afterglow L₀−E_p−T gamma-ray burst correlations, respectively, is fit together with the other probes previously described. Our results seem to point towards a no violation of the cosmic distance duality relation and a preference towards Plancks value of H₀.

Cosmic distance duality relation , Cosmology , Gamma-ray bursts , Model-independent techniques

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Scuola Superiore Meridionale, Largo S. Marcellino 10, Napoli, 80138, Italy
Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Sezione di Napoli Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, Via Cinthia 9 Edificio G, Napoli, 80126, Italy
University at Albany-SUNY, Albany, 12222, NY, United States
Dipartimento di Fisica “E. Pancini”, Università di Napoli “Federico II”, Complesso Universitario di Monte SantAngelo, Edificio G, Via Cinthia, Napoli, I-80126, Italy
Research Center of Astrophysics and Cosmology, Khazar University, 41 Mehseti Street, Baku, AZ1096, Azerbaijan
Università di Camerino, Divisione di Fisica, Via Madonna delle carceri 9, Camerino, 62032, Italy
INFN, Sezione di Perugia, Perugia, 06123, Italy
INAF - Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera, Milano, Italy
Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Al-Farabi av. 71, Almaty, 050040, Kazakhstan
ICRANet, P.zza della Repubblica 10, Pescara, 65122, Italy

Scuola Superiore Meridionale
Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN)
University at Albany-SUNY
Dipartimento di Fisica “E. Pancini”
Research Center of Astrophysics and Cosmology
Università di Camerino
INFN
INAF - Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera
Al-Farabi Kazakh National University
ICRANet

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