Integrating salpingoscopy and immunohistochemistry to improve tubal infertility diagnosis: a retrospective cohort study
Alenova A. Korkan A. Kauysheva A. Magalov I.
2025Frontiers Media SA
Frontiers in Reproductive Health
2025#7
Introduction: Tubal factor infertility is one of the most prevalent and diagnostically complex causes of female infertility. Standard imaging modalities, including hysterosalpingography and laparoscopy, frequently fail to detect subtle mucosal or molecular abnormalities. This study investigated whether combining salpingoscopy with immunohistochemical (IHC) profiling improves diagnostic precision and prognostic assessment in women with tubal-factor infertility. Methods: This retrospective observational cohort study included 197 women who underwent laparoscopy between April 2020 and February 2025. Salpingoscopy was used to grade mucosal pathology severity, and ampullary biopsies were analyzed by IHC for CD138, Ki-67, and estrogen/progesterone receptors. A composite prognosis score incorporated clinical history, duration of conservative therapy, salpingoscopic findings, and IHC results. Spearmans rank correlation assessed associations between diagnostic parameters and pregnancy outcomes (natural or assisted). Results: Higher salpingoscopic severity scores were significantly associated with reduced pregnancy likelihood (r = −0.457; p < 0.0001). Elevated IHC scores similarly correlated with decreased conception rates (r = −0.263; p = 0.0002). Tubal dilations and adhesions showed negative associations with reproductive outcomes (r = −0.232; p = 0.001). In contrast, the composite prognosis score demonstrated a strong positive correlation with treatment success (r = 0.578; p < 0.0001). Discussion: Integrating salpingoscopic visualization with IHC profiling enhances detection of subtle mucosal and molecular abnormalities that are frequently missed by conventional diagnostic approaches. This combined modality offers superior prognostic accuracy and may guide personalized surgical and assisted reproductive treatment strategies. Ethical approval was obtained from the Ethics Committee of the Kazakhstan Medical University «KSPH» (IRB-64-2023). 2025 Alenova, Korkan, Kauysheva and Magalov.
diagnostic methods , fallopian tubes , immunohistochemistry , infertility , reproductive technologies , salpingoscopy
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Kazakhstan Medical University «KSPH», Almaty, Kazakhstan
Medical Center RAHAT, Almaty, Kazakhstan
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology  №â€¯1, Medical University of Astana, Astana, Kazakhstan
Department of Science and Human Resources, Ministry of Health of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Astana, Kazakhstan
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Azerbaijan Medical University, Baku, Azerbaijan
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baku Branch of the First Moscow State Medical University, Baku, Azerbaijan
Kazakhstan Medical University «KSPH»
Medical Center RAHAT
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology  №â€¯1
Department of Science and Human Resources
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology
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