Federated Learning-Based Intrusion Detection in IoT Networks: Performance Evaluation and Data Scaling Study

Albanbay N. Tursynbek Y. Graffi K. Uskenbayeva R. Kalpeyeva Z. Abilkaiyr Z. Ayapov Y.
August 2025 Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)

Journal of Sensor and Actuator Networks
2025 #14 Issue 4

This paper presents a large-scale empirical study aimed at identifying the optimal local deep learning model and data volume for deploying intrusion detection systems (IDS) on resource-constrained IoT devices using federated learning (FL). While previous studies on FL-based IDS for IoT have primarily focused on maximizing accuracy, they often overlook the computational limitations of IoT hardware and the feasibility of local model deployment. In this work, three deep learning architectures—a deep neural network (DNN), a convolutional neural network (CNN), and a hybrid CNN+BiLSTM—are trained using the CICIoT2023 dataset within a federated learning environment simulating up to 150 IoT devices. The study evaluates how detection accuracy, convergence speed, and inference costs (latency and model size) vary across different local data scales and model complexities. Results demonstrate that CNN achieves the best trade-off between detection performance and computational efficiency, reaching ~98% accuracy with low latency and a compact model footprint. The more complex CNN+BiLSTM architecture yields slightly higher accuracy (~99%) at a significantly greater computational cost. Deployment tests on Raspberry Pi 5 devices confirm that all three models can be effectively implemented on real-world IoT edge hardware. These findings offer practical guidance for researchers and practitioners in selecting scalable and lightweight IDS models suitable for real-world federated IoT deployments, supporting secure and efficient anomaly detection in urban IoT networks.

anomaly detection , BiLSTM , CICIoT 2023 , CNN , data scaling , deep learning , DNN , federated learning , Internet of Things , intrusion detection system

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Institute of Automation and Information Technologies, Satbayev University, Satbayev 22, Almaty, 050013, Kazakhstan
Department for Computer Science, Technical University of Applied Sciences Bingen, Berlinstr. 109, Bingen, 55411, Germany

Institute of Automation and Information Technologies
Department for Computer Science

10 лет помогаем публиковать статьи Международный издатель

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