Routing Challenges and Enabling Technologies for 6G–Satellite Network Integration: Toward Seamless Global Connectivity
Aktas F. Shayea I. Ergen M. Aldasheva L. Saoud B. Tussupov A. Yedilkhan D. Amanzholova S.
June 2025Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)
Technologies
2025#13Issue 6
The capabilities of 6G networks surpass those of existing networks, aiming to enable seamless connectivity between all entities and users at any given time. A critical aspect of achieving enhanced and ubiquitous mobile broadband, as promised by 6G networks, is merging satellite networks with land-based networks, which offers significant potential in terms of coverage area. Advanced routing techniques in next-generation network technologies, particularly when incorporating terrestrial and non-terrestrial networks, are essential for optimizing network efficiency and delivering promised services. However, the dynamic nature of the network, the heterogeneity and complexity of next-generation networks, and the relative distance and mobility of satellite networks all present challenges that traditional routing protocols struggle to address. This paper provides an in-depth analysis of 6G networks, addressing key enablers, technologies, commitments, satellite networks, and routing techniques in the context of 6G and satellite network integration. To ensure 6G fulfills its promises, the paper emphasizes necessary scenarios and investigates potential bottlenecks in routing techniques. Additionally, it explores satellite networks and identifies routing challenges within these systems. The paper highlights routing issues that may arise in the integration of 6G and satellite networks and offers a comprehensive examination of essential approaches, technologies, and visions required for future advancements in this area. 6G and satellite networks are associated with technical terms such as AI/ML, quantum computing, THz communication, beamforming, MIMO technology, ultra-wide band and multi-band antennas, hybrid channel models, and quantum encryption methods. These technologies will be utilized to enhance the performance, security, and sustainability of future networks.
mobility , routing protocols , routing techniques , satellite networks , sixth generation (6G) networks , THz communication , VLC communication
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Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Faculty of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Istanbul Technical University (ITU), Istanbul, 34467, Turkey
Department of Intelligent Systems and Cybersecurity, Astana IT University, Astana, 010000, Kazakhstan
Electrical Engineering Department, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Bouira, Bouira, 10000, Algeria
LISEA Laboratory, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Bouira, Bouira, 10000, Algeria
Smart City Research Center, Astana IT University, Astana, 010000, Kazakhstan
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering
Department of Intelligent Systems and Cybersecurity
Electrical Engineering Department
LISEA Laboratory
Smart City Research Center
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Книга Публикация научной статьи Волощук 2026 Book Publication of a scientific article 2026