Comparison of gingival and periodontal phenotype classification methods and phenotype-related clinical parameters: cross-sectional observational study
Aşkın D.İ. Tayman M.A. Çelik B. Kamburoğlu K. Özen D.
December 2025BioMed Central Ltd
BMC Oral Health
2025#25Issue 1
Background: The aim of this study was to assess gingival and periodontal-phenotype by using Standard-Periodontal-Probing (SPP), Colored-Periodontal-Probing (CPP), and Cone-Beam-Computed-Tomography (CBCT) in comparison to gold standard transgingival-probing. Methods: Gingival-thickness of the maxillary anterior incisors and canines of 30 healthy individuals (6 teeth of each individual) was evaluated by transgingival-probing, SPP, CPP, and CBCT methods. The relationship between thin and thick phenotype and phenotypic parameters such as age, gender, Keratinized-Tissue-Width (KTW), and Buccal-Bone-Thickness (BBT) was tested with the Chi-square test, and the differences between the measurements were tested with the Mann-Whitney U test. Gingival-thickness, BBT, and related phenotypic parameters were measured from three buccal points (marginal-middle-apical) of each tooth, and Spearman-Rho Correlation Analysis was performed. Pearson chi-square and McNemar tests were used to assess the distribution of categorical data. Sensitivity, specificity and accuracy levels and kappa statistics were calculated for each method. Intra/interobserver agreement was assessed using the intraclass correlation coefficient. The significance level was set at p < 0.05. Results: There was no statistically significant difference for gingival-phenotype according to age and gender (p > 0.05). Higher KTW values were measured in areas with thick gingival-phenotype (p:0.008). The highest agreement in terms of detecting gingival-phenotype was found between transgingival-probing and CBCT (p < 0.01). All methods were found to be more accurate in the determination of thin phenotype (p < 0.01). Marginal gingival-thickness measurements were higher than those of middle and apical measurements (p < 0.01), and middle BBT measurements were higher than those of apical measurements (p < 0.01). Gingival-thickness measured by transgingival-probing and CBCT showed a significant correlation (p < 0.01). KTW was significantly correlated with BBT and marginal gingival-thickness (p < 0.01). Conclusions: Thin or thick phenotype is associated with different apical-coronal points and KTW. The CBCT method was found to be helpful in determining gingival and periodontal-phenotype. Clinical relevance: Available CBCT images can be used to take precautions and assess prognosis before implant placement and orthodontic treatment. Clinical trial number: Not applicable.
CBCT , Gingival phenotype , Gingival thickness , Periodontal phenotype , Transgingival probing
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Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Ankara Yıldırım Beyazıt University, Ankara, Turkey
Department of Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Ankara Yıldırım Beyazıt University, Ankara, Turkey
Department of Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Ankara University,, Ankara, Turkey
Department of Surgery and Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Stomatology, Akhmet Yassawi International Kazakh Turkish University, Turkestan, Kazakhstan
Department of Biostatistics, Ankara University Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ankara, 06110, Turkey
Department of Periodontology
Department of Dentomaxillofacial Radiology
Department of Dentomaxillofacial Radiology
Department of Surgery and Pediatric Dentistry
Department of Biostatistics
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