IoT Tracking and Dispatching System of Medical Waste Disposal

Akhmetzhanova S. Akishev M. Oralbekova Z. Bayakhmetov A. Abduvalova A. Yeshmakhanova T. Kumar P.
November 2025 Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)

Applied Sciences (Switzerland)
2025 #15 Issue 22

Medical waste management is a growing concern in Kazakhstan. Despite the presence of a regulatory framework, the current medical waste disposal system suffers from fragmentation, lack of transparency, and inefficient communication between stakeholders. These limitations result in illegal dumping, environmental pollution, and increased health risks. This paper presents the development and validation of an integrated Internet of Things (IoT)-based system designed to optimize and automate the monitoring, collection, and disposal of medical waste. The proposed architecture includes Global Positioning System (GPS) tracking, real-time sensor monitoring, cloud data analytics, and predictive routing algorithms, enabling efficient logistics and regulatory compliance. Utilizing a microcontroller and sensors, the system continuously transmits data to a centralized server for monitoring. Experimental deployments across urban and suburban routes in the Zhambyl region demonstrate that the system achieves a Circular Error Probable (CEP₅₀) of 11 m and a 95% positioning accuracy within 23 m, which aligns acceptably with the requirements for city-level route optimization. Statistical analysis confirms that the observed positioning accuracy is consistent with an urban propagation model and adequate for municipal dispatching, though it remains below automotive-grade precision. The system is further supported by a robust power supply solution, allowing up to 49 h of autonomous operation.

GPS accuracy , Internet of Things (IoT) , Kazakhstan , medical waste disposal , sanitary–epidemiological safety

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School of Software Engineering, Astana IT University, Astana, 010000, Kazakhstan
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, 77005, TX, United States
School of AI and Data Science, Astana IT University, Astana, 010000, Kazakhstan
Department of Information Systems, M.Kh. Dulaty Taraz University, Taraz, 080000, Kazakhstan

School of Software Engineering
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
School of AI and Data Science
Department of Information Systems

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