Chimeric antigen receptor T cell structure, its manufacturing, and related toxicities; A comprehensive review
Ahmad U. Khan Z. Ualiyeva D. Amissah O.B. Noor Z. Khan A. Zaman N. Khan M. Khan A. Ali B.
July 2022Elsevier Inc.
Advances in Cancer Biology - Metastasis
2022#4
Cancer is the leading cause of death globally after cardiovascular diseases. Conventional therapeutic strategies have had minimal success rate. Recently, immunotherapy, particularly chimeric antigen receptor T cells (CAR T cells), has emerged as the most effective against cancer. A patients T lymphocytes have artificial chimeric antigen receptors genetically engineered on their surfaces to target specific antigens present on the surfaces of the cancer cell. A typical chimeric antigen receptor includes four domains, each of which serves a distinct purpose; the antigen recognition domain at the exterior of the cell is responsible for antigen recognition, the hinge region and transmembrane domain provides stability whereas, the intracellular domain in the endodomain of the receptor plays a crucial role in transmitting signals to activate the effector function of CAR T cells. Since CARs discovery, many properties have been added to CAR T cells to improve their effectiveness against the cancer. CAR T cell manufacturing processes involve; Isolation of lymphocytes, T cell selection and expansion, Gene transfer, formulation, quality assurance, and T cell infusion. Each of these CAR T cell engineering steps requires rigorous experimental processes done by a skillful team of researchers. A mistake during the manufacturing process may result in life-threatening consequences. Despite CAR T effectiveness, it imposes severe and unwanted side effect such as Cytokine Release Syndrome (CRS) and Immune effector Cell-Associated Neurotoxicity Syndrome (ICANS). As a result, CAR T-cell therapy must be accompanied by prompt treatment of the imminent side effects that may arise.
and Immune effector cell-associated neurotoxicity syndrome , Cancer , CAR T-cell , Chimeric antigen receptor , Cytokine release syndrome , Lymphocytes
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Center for Biotechnology and Microbiology, University of Swat, Pakistan
State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510530, China
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China
Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, 050040, Kazakhstan
Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Gansu, 730000, China
Department of Optometry, Isra University Islamabad, Pakistan
Computer and Software Technology, University of Swat, Pakistan
Center for Biotechnology and Microbiology
State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
Chengdu Institute of Biology
Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology
Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology
Ministry of Education
Department of Optometry
Computer and Software Technology
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