Sustainable Development and Green Technologies as a New Dimension of Foreign Policy Co-operation: A Comparative Study of Kazakhstan and the Gulf States
Abu Shawer O.A. Aimen Twaissi S. Abusham E.E.
2025World Association for Sustainable Development
World Journal of Entrepreneurship, Management and Sustainable Development
2025#21Issue 4303 - 319 pp.
PURPOSE: This paper compares how Kazakhstan and the Gulf nations use green technologies and sustainable development in foreign policy co-operation. DESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH: This analytical framework includes descriptive statistics, Prophet time-series forecasting, Principal Component Analysis (PCA), and K-means clustering. FINDINGS: The analysis divides Kazakhstan and the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) into three sustainability performance clusters. Saudi Arabia and Kazakhstan are predicted to further increase CO₂ emissions, while the United Arab Emirates (UAE) and Qatar show flattening patterns in line with their environmental goals. RESEARCH LIMITATIONS/IMPLICATIONS: The World Sustainability Dataset (www.Kaggle.com) data from 173 countries provides insights into regional sustainability collaboration, although historical coverage and data availability limit the study. ORIGINALITY/VALUE: This paper introduces a quantitative way of linking foreign policy to sustainability performance. It was one of the first to use machine learning to study Kazakhstan-Gulf state green diplomacy.
Clustering , CO2 Emissions , Forecasting , Foreign Policy , Green Diplomacy , Gulf States , Kazakhstan , Renewable Energy , Sustainable Development
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Sorbonne-Kazakhstan Institute, Abai Kazakh National Pedagogical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
Department of Tourism and Heritage Studies, United Arab Emirates University Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
Faculty of Computing & Information Technology, Sohar University, Oman
Sorbonne-Kazakhstan Institute
Department of Tourism and Heritage Studies
Faculty of Computing & Information Technology
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