The track-length extension fitting algorithm for energy measurement of interacting particles in liquid argon TPCs and its performance with ProtoDUNE-SP data
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1 February 2025Institute of Physics
Journal of Instrumentation
2025#20Issue 2
This paper introduces a novel track-length extension fitting algorithm for measuring the kinetic energies of inelastically interacting particles in liquid argon time projection chambers (LArTPCs). The algorithm finds the most probable offset in track length for a track-like object by comparing the measured ionization density as a function of position with a theoretical prediction of the energy loss as a function of the energy, including models of electron recombination and detector response. The algorithm can be used to measure the energies of particles that interact before they stop, such as charged pions that are absorbed by argon nuclei. The algorithm’s energy measurement resolutions and fractional biases are presented as functions of particle kinetic energy and number of track hits using samples of stopping secondary charged pions in data collected by the ProtoDUNE-SP detector, and also in a detailed simulation. Additional studies describe the impact of the dE/dx model on energy measurement performance. The method described in this paper to characterize the energy measurement performance can be repeated in any LArTPC experiment using stopping secondary charged pions.
calibration , cluster finding , fitting methods , Neutrino detectors , Pattern recognition
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Abilene Christian University, Abilene, 79601, TX, United States
University of Albany, SUNY, Albany, 12222, NY, United States
Institute of Nuclear Physics at Almaty, Almaty, 050032, Kazakhstan
University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, NL-1098 XG, Netherlands
Antalya Bilim University, Döşemealtı, Antalya, 07190, Turkey
University of Antananarivo, Antananarivo, 101, Madagascar
University of Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
Universidad Antonio Nariño, Bogotá, Colombia
Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, 60439, IL, United States
University of Arizona, Tucson, 85721, AZ, United States
Universidad Nacional de Asunción, San Lorenzo, Paraguay
University of Athens, Zografou, GR 157 84, Greece
Universidad del Atlántico, Atlántico, Barranquilla, Colombia
Augustana University, Sioux Falls, 57197, SD, United States
University of Bern, Bern, CH-3012, Switzerland
Beykent University, Istanbul, Turkey
University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
Università di Bologna, Bologna, 40127, Italy
Boston University, Boston, 02215, MA, United States
University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TL, United Kingdom
Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, 11973, NY, United States
University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, 94720, CA, United States
University of California Davis, Davis, 95616, CA, United States
University of California Irvine, Irvine, 92697, CA, United States
University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, 90095, CA, United States
University of California Riverside, Riverside, 92521, CA, United States
University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, 93106, CA, United States
California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, 91125, CA, United States
University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
Universidade Estadual de Campinas, SP, Campinas, 13083-970, Brazil
Università di Catania, Catania, 2 — 95131, Italy
Universidad Católica del Norte, Antofagasta, Chile
Centro Brasileiro de Pesquisas Físicas, RJ, Rio de Janeiro, 22290-180, Brazil
IRFU, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, F-91191, France
CERN, The European Organization for Nuclear Research, Meyrin, 1211, Switzerland
Institute of Particle and Nuclear Physics, the Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, the Charles University, Prague 8, 180 00, Czech Republic
University of Chicago, Chicago, 60637, IL, United States
Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, South Korea
CIEMAT, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas, Madrid, E-28040, Spain
University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, 45221, OH, United States
Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (Cinvestav), Mexico City, Mexico
Universidad de Colima, Colima, Mexico
University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, 80309, CO, United States
Colorado State University, Fort Collins, 80523, CO, United States
Columbia University, New York, 10027, NY, United States
Comisión Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo Aeroespacial, Lima, Peru
Centro de Tecnologia da Informacao Renato Archer, Amarais, SP, Campinas, CEP 13069-901, Brazil
Central University of South Bihar, Gaya, 824236, India
Institute of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague 8, 182 00, Czech Republic
Czech Technical University, Prague 1, 115 19, Czech Republic
Laboratoire d’Annecy de Physique des Particules, Université Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, LAPP-IN2P3, Annecy, 74000, France
Daresbury Laboratory, Cheshire, WA4 4AD, United Kingdom
Dordt University, Sioux Center, 51250, IA, United States
Drexel University, Philadelphia, 19104, PA, United States
Duke University, Durham, 27708, NC, United States
Durham University, Durham, DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9YL, United Kingdom
Universidad EIA, Envigado, Antioquia, Colombia
Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, 1053, Hungary
Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa — FCUL, Lisboa, 1749-016, Portugal
Universidade Federal de Alfenas, MG, Poços de Caldas, 37715-400, Brazil
Universidade Federal de Goias, GO, Goiania, 74690-900, Brazil
Universidade Federal do ABC, SP, Santo André, 09210-580, Brazil
Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, RJ,, Rio de Janeiro, 21941-901, Brazil
Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, 60510, IL, United States
University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
University of Florida, Gainesville, 32611-8440, FL, United States
Florida State University, Tallahassee, L32306, United States
Fluminense Federal University, Icaraí 9 RJ, Niterói, 24220-900, Brazil
Università degli Studi di Genova, Genova, Italy
Georgian Technical University, Tbilisi, Georgia
University of Granada & CAFPE, Granada, 18002, Spain
Gran Sasso Science Institute, L’Aquila, Italy
Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, AQ, L’Aquila, Italy
University Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LPSC-IN2P3, Grenoble, 38000, France
Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato, C.P. 37000, Mexico
Harish-Chandra Research Institute, Jhunsi, Allahabad, 211 019, India
University of Hawaii, Honolulu, 96822, HI, United States
Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong
University of Houston, Houston, 77204, TX, United States
University of Hyderabad, Gachibowli, Hyderabad, 500 046, India
Idaho State University, Pocatello, 83209, ID, United States
Instituto de Física Corpuscular, CSIC, Universitat de València, Paterna, Valencia, 46980, Spain
Instituto Galego de Física de Altas Enerxías, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Spain
Indian Institute of Technology, Uttar Pradesh, Kanpur, 208016, India
Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, 60616, IL, United States
Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, London, SW7 2BZ, United Kingdom
Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781 039, India
Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Hyderabad, 502285, India
Indiana University, Bloomington, 47405, IN, United States
Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Sezione di Bologna, BO, Bologna, 40127, Italy
Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Sezione di Catania, Catania, I-95123, Italy
Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Sezione di Ferrara, Ferrara, I-44122, Italy
Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, Roma, Frascati, Italy
Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Sezione di Genova, GE, Genova, 16146, Italy
Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Sezione di Lecce, Lecce, 73100, Italy
Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Sezione di Milano Bicocca, Milano, 3 — I-20126, Italy
Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Sezione di Milano, Milano, 20133, Italy
Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Sezione di Napoli, Napoli, I-80126, Italy
Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Sezione di Padova, Padova, 35131, Italy
Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Sezione di Pavia, Pavia, I-27100, Italy
Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Laboratori Nazionali di Pisa, PI, Pisa, Italy
Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Sezione di Roma, RM, Roma, 00185, Italy
Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Roma Tor Vergata, RM, Roma, 00133, Italy
Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Laboratori Nazionali del Sud, Catania, 95123, Italy
Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería, Lima, 25, Peru
University of Insubria, Via Ravasi, 2 VA, Varese, 21100, Italy
University of Iowa, Iowa City, 52242, IA, United States
Iowa State University, Ames, 50011, IA, United States
Institut de Physique des 2 Infinis de Lyon, Villeurbanne, 69622, France
Institute for Research in Fundamental Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Instituto Superior Técnico — IST, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, 1049-001, Portugal
Instituto Tecnológico de Aeronáutica, Sao Jose, dos Campos, Brazil
Iwate University, Iwate, Morioka, 020-8551, Japan
Jackson State University, Jackson, 39217, MS, United States
Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
Jeonbuk National University, Jeonrabuk-do, 54896, South Korea
Jyväskylä University, Jyväskylä, FI-40014, Finland
Kansas State University, Manhattan, 66506, KS, United States
Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe, Chiba, Kashiwa, 277-8583, Japan
High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), Ibaraki, 305-0801, Japan
Korea Institute of Science and Technology Information, Daejeon, 34141, South Korea
National Institute of Technology, Kure College, Hiroshima, 737-8506, Japan
Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Kyiv, 01601, Ukraine
Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YB, United Kingdom
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, 94720, CA, United States
Laboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas, 1649-003 Lisboa, Coimbra, 3004-516, Portugal
University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZE, United Kingdom
Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, 87545, NM, United States
Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, 70803, LA, United States
Laboratoire de Physique des Deux Infinis Bordeaux, IN2P3, Gradignan, Bordeaux, F-33175, France
University of Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226007, India
Madrid Autonoma University, IFT UAM/CSIC, Madrid, 28049, Spain
Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Mainz, 55122, Germany
University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, United Kingdom
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, 02139, MA, United States
University of Medellín, Medellín, 050026, Colombia
University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 48109, MI, United States
Michigan State University, East Lansing, 48824, MI, United States
Università di Milano Bicocca, Milano, 20126, Italy
Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, I-20133, Italy
University of Minnesota Duluth, Duluth, 55812, MN, United States
University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, 55455, MN, United States
University of Mississippi, University, 38677, MS, United States
Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, NA, Napoli, 80138, Italy
Nikhef National Institute of Subatomic Physics, Amsterdam, 1098 XG, Netherlands
National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), Odisha, 752050, India
University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, 58202-8357, ND, United States
Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, 60115, IL, United States
Northwestern University, Evanston, 60208, Il, United States
University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, 46556, IN, United States
University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, 21102, Serbia
Occidental College, Los Angeles, 90041, CA, United States
Ohio State University, Columbus, 43210, OH, United States
Oregon State University, Corvallis, 97331, OR, United States
University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3RH, United Kingdom
Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, 99352, WA, United States
Universtà degli Studi di Padova, Padova, I-35131, Italy
Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India
Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, IN2P3, IJCLab, Orsay, 91405, France
Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Astroparticule et Cosmologie, Paris, France
University of Parma, PR, Parma, 43121, Italy
Università degli Studi di Pavia, PV, Pavia, 27100, Italy
University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, 19104, PA, United States
Pennsylvania State University, University Park, 16802, PA, United States
Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad, 380 009, India
Università di Pisa, Pisa, I-56127, Italy
University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, 15260, PA, United States
Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, Lima, Peru
University of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez, 00681, Puerto Rico
Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 141004, India
Queen Mary University of London, London, E1 4NS, United Kingdom
Radboud University, Nijmegen, NL-6525 AJ, Netherlands
Rice University, Houston, 77005, TX, United States
University of Rochester, Rochester, 14627, NY, United States
Royal Holloway College London, London, TW20 0EX, United Kingdom
Rutgers University, Piscataway, J08854, United States
STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, OX11 0QX, United Kingdom
Università del Salento, Lecce, 73100, Italy
Universidad del Magdalena, Santa Marta, Colombia
Sapienza University of Rome, RM, Roma, 00185, Italy
Universidad Sergio Arboleda, Bogotá, 11022, Colombia
University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S3 7RH, United Kingdom
SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, 94025, CA, United States
University of South Carolina, Columbia, 29208, SC, United States
South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Rapid City, 57701, SD, United States
South Dakota State University, Brookings, 57007, SD, United States
Southern Methodist University, Dallas, 75275, TX, United States
Stony Brook University, SUNY, Stony Brook, 11794, NY, United States
Sanford Underground Research Facility, Lead, D57754, United States
University of Sussex, Brighton, BN1 9RH, United Kingdom
Syracuse University, Syracuse, 13244, NY, United States
Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel
Texas A&M University, College Station, 77840, TX, United States
Texas A&M University — Corpus Christi, Corpus Christi, 78412, TX, United States
University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, 76019, TX, United States
University of Texas at Austin, Austin, 78712, TX, United States
University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S 1A1, ON, Canada
Tufts University, Medford, 02155, MA, United States
Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, 09913-030, Brazil
Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, 689-798, South Korea
University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru
Valley City State University, Valley City, 58072, ND, United States
University of Vigo, Vigo, E- 36310, Spain
Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, 24060, VA, United States
University of Warsaw, Warsaw, 02-093, Poland
University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
Wellesley College, Wellesley, 02481, MA, United States
Wichita State University, Wichita, 67260, KS, United States
William and Mary, Williamsburg, 23187, VA, United States
University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, 53706, WI, United States
Yale University, New Haven, 06520, CT, United States
Yerevan Institute for Theoretical Physics and Modeling, Yerevan, 0036, Armenia
York University, Toronto, M3J 1P3, Canada
Abilene Christian University
University of Albany
Institute of Nuclear Physics at Almaty
University of Amsterdam
Antalya Bilim University
University of Antananarivo
University of Antioquia
Universidad Antonio Nariño
Argonne National Laboratory
University of Arizona
Universidad Nacional de Asunción
University of Athens
Universidad del Atlántico
Augustana University
University of Bern
Beykent University
University of Birmingham
Università di Bologna
Boston University
University of Bristol
Brookhaven National Laboratory
University of Bucharest
University of California Berkeley
University of California Davis
University of California Irvine
University of California Los Angeles
University of California Riverside
University of California Santa Barbara
California Institute of Technology
University of Cambridge
Universidade Estadual de Campinas
Università di Catania
Universidad Católica del Norte
Centro Brasileiro de Pesquisas Físicas
IRFU
CERN
Institute of Particle and Nuclear Physics
University of Chicago
Chung-Ang University
CIEMAT
University of Cincinnati
Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (Cinvestav)
Universidad de Colima
University of Colorado Boulder
Colorado State University
Columbia University
Comisión Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo Aeroespacial
Centro de Tecnologia da Informacao Renato Archer
Central University of South Bihar
Institute of Physics
Czech Technical University
Laboratoire d’Annecy de Physique des Particules
Daresbury Laboratory
Dordt University
Drexel University
Duke University
Durham University
University of Edinburgh
Universidad EIA
Eötvös Loránd University
Erciyes University
Faculdade de Ciências
Universidade Federal de Alfenas
Universidade Federal de Goias
Universidade Federal do ABC
Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro
Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory
University of Ferrara
University of Florida
Florida State University
Fluminense Federal University
Università degli Studi di Genova
Georgian Technical University
University of Granada & CAFPE
Gran Sasso Science Institute
Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso
University Grenoble Alpes
Universidad de Guanajuato
Harish-Chandra Research Institute
University of Hawaii
Hong Kong University of Science and Technology
University of Houston
University of Hyderabad
Idaho State University
Instituto de Física Corpuscular
Instituto Galego de Física de Altas Enerxías
Indian Institute of Technology
Illinois Institute of Technology
Imperial College of Science
Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati
Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad
Indiana University
Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Sezione di Bologna
Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Sezione di Catania
Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Sezione di Ferrara
Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati
Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Sezione di Genova
Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Sezione di Lecce
Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Sezione di Milano Bicocca
Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Sezione di Milano
Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Sezione di Napoli
Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Sezione di Padova
Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Sezione di Pavia
Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Laboratori Nazionali di Pisa
Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Sezione di Roma
Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Roma Tor Vergata
Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Laboratori Nazionali del Sud
Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería
University of Insubria
University of Iowa
Iowa State University
Institut de Physique des 2 Infinis de Lyon
Institute for Research in Fundamental Sciences
Instituto Superior Técnico — IST
Instituto Tecnológico de Aeronáutica
Iwate University
Jackson State University
Jawaharlal Nehru University
Jeonbuk National University
Jyväskylä University
Kansas State University
Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe
High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK)
Korea Institute of Science and Technology Information
National Institute of Technology
Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv
Lancaster University
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
Laboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas
University of Liverpool
Los Alamos National Laboratory
Louisiana State University
Laboratoire de Physique des Deux Infinis Bordeaux
University of Lucknow
Madrid Autonoma University
Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz
University of Manchester
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
University of Medellín
University of Michigan
Michigan State University
Università di Milano Bicocca
Università degli Studi di Milano
University of Minnesota Duluth
University of Minnesota Twin Cities
University of Mississippi
Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II
Nikhef National Institute of Subatomic Physics
National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER)
University of North Dakota
Northern Illinois University
Northwestern University
University of Notre Dame
University of Novi Sad
Occidental College
Ohio State University
Oregon State University
University of Oxford
Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
Universtà degli Studi di Padova
Panjab University
Université Paris-Saclay
Université Paris Cité
University of Parma
Università degli Studi di Pavia
University of Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania State University
Physical Research Laboratory
Università di Pisa
University of Pittsburgh
Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú
University of Puerto Rico
Punjab Agricultural University
Queen Mary University of London
Radboud University
Rice University
University of Rochester
Royal Holloway College London
Rutgers University
STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory
Università del Salento
Universidad del Magdalena
Sapienza University of Rome
Universidad Sergio Arboleda
University of Sheffield
SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory
University of South Carolina
South Dakota School of Mines and Technology
South Dakota State University
Southern Methodist University
Stony Brook University
Sanford Underground Research Facility
University of Sussex
Syracuse University
Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná
Tel Aviv University
Texas A&M University
Texas A&M University — Corpus Christi
University of Texas at Arlington
University of Texas at Austin
University of Toronto
Tufts University
Universidade Federal de São Paulo
Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology
University College London
Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos
Valley City State University
University of Vigo
Virginia Tech
University of Warsaw
University of Warwick
Wellesley College
Wichita State University
William and Mary
University of Wisconsin Madison
Yale University
Yerevan Institute for Theoretical Physics and Modeling
York University
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